Mishchenko, M., V. Tishkovets, and P. Litvinov, 2002: Exact results of the vector theory of coherent
backscattering from discrete media: An overview.
She has a PhD in acoustics from the University of Bergen, where she investigated broad band
backscatter from fish without swim bladder.
Mishchenko, M.I., D.J. Wielaard, and B.E. Carlson, 1997: T - matrix computations of zenith - enhanced lidar
backscatter from horizontally oriented ice plates.
Not exact matches
Experts say the dose
from the
backscatter is negligible when compared with naturally occurring background radiation, but a linear model shows even such trivial amounts increase the number of cancer cases
To measure temperatures along the cable's length, the team sends pulses of light down the fiber and observes how the fiber
backscatters the light, returning it in the direction
from which it came.
«The high detection efficiency and low dark count rate of the SNSPD means that the weak signal
from the
backscattered light can be detected with a high signal - to - noise ratio,» said Xia.
«When fiber is deformed, we will see distortions in the
backscattered light, and
from these distortions, we can measure how the fiber itself is being squeezed or pulled.»
AS&E says the radiation dose
from a
backscatter x-ray, less than 10 microrems, is the same received
from natural sources during two minutes of an airplane flight at 30,000 feet.
[
Backscatter picks up the radiation bounced back
from the passenger's body and any objects the person may be concealing.
(B) The YTT cryptotephra layer is not visible in a SEM image (
backscatter electron mode) of a thin section
from the core between 28.04 and 28.11 MBLF; however, the image confirms the lack of bioturbation or disturbance in the core at this depth and is evidence for anoxic bottom water conditions at this time.
When this value was multiplied by the mean layer thickness and aggregation area estimated
from the ADCP
backscatter data, we estimated a total biomass of 2.0 million tons with krill comprising an estimated 88.4 % of the total acoustic
backscatter.
To estimate the percentage of krill
from acoustically detected schools, we subtracted the linear
backscatter cross-section at 38 kHz
from 120 kHz to identify krill [3], [20], [21].
That is another way of saying that there is some
backscattered IR coming
from those clouds.
Consider a non-absorbing cloud with 0.7 albedo: 30 % energy emerges diffusely
from the base, the same diffusely
from the top, 40 % is pseudo-geometrical
backscattering as the wave loses geometrical information, a form of shielding pollution switches off, an alternate AGW.
From the time delay between each outgoing pulse and the
backscattered signal, the distance to the scatterer is inferred.
We know there are effects
from land use change and we know we have added to atmospheric
backscatter of solar radiation
from particulates (sulfate aerosols, dust
from agriculture...) but we are no longer certain of the net sign of anthropogenic temperature change.
So Ira, if you really are sincere about wanting to know where the 33K difference comes
from, you could start by calculating the Mie
backscatter cross section of a 10um dielectric sphere, and I would suggest calculating it with a 9.25 um or 10.59 um em wave incident on it.