Sentences with phrase «bacterial genes from»

Not exact matches

This experimental technology merges DNA from different speciesto create new combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes that can not be formed naturally.

«Recombinant DNA technology», «DNA cloning», «molecular cloning» or «gene cloning» all describe the process of transferring a DNA fragment from one organism to a self - replicating genetic element (a cloning vector) such as a bacterial plasmid, enabling the fragment to be propagated in an alien host.

But the rapid rise of bacterial genes for drug resistance stems from more than lucky mutation, Levy adds.

Gene behavior distinguishes viral from bacterial infections.

Bacteria expressing enzyme in one cell (bright green), while genetically identical cells do not, remaining protected from antibiotic onslaught; image courtesy of Yuichi Wakamoto / Neeraj Dhar / John McKinney Some strains of nasty bacterial infections, such as MRSA (methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus), come loaded with resistance to antibiotics built right into their genes.

When they sequenced the complete genomes of the Y. pestis DNA in those seven individuals, the team found that the bacterial genomes from the earliest samples lacked two genes that helped Y. pestis evade the immune systems of humans and fleas during the Black Death.

When Fishel and Kolodner heard of the accumulation of mutations in cancer cells from patients with familial colon cancer, they suspected that the gene responsible would be similar to the bacterial and yeast genes they had studied.

Looking for a mechanism, researchers found remnants of genes from past infections, sandwiched between odd, repeated bacterial DNA sequences — the «clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats» that give CRISPR its name.

With the acquisition of a number of key genes and lipids from a bacterial symbiont, it would be possible for Loki - type cells to evolve a primitive membrane trafficking machinery and compartmentalization.»

To determine how similar a person's fingertip bacteria are to bacteria left on computer keys, the team took swabs from three computer keyboards and compared bacterial gene sequences with those from the fingertips of the keyboard owners.

They found that the phages from antibiotic - treated mice carried significantly higher numbers of bacterial drug - resistance genes than they would have carried by chance.

The genes encoding NDM - 1 and other antibiotic resistance factors are usually carried on plasmids — circular strands of DNA separate from the bacterial genome — making it easier for them to spread through populations.

He says this idea has «very profound» implications for the debate over the origins of bacterial genes that are present in the human genome but absent in our closest relatives (Science, 8 June, p. 1903): The amount of conjugation Waters detected is «high enough to readily explain» the possible infiltration of bacterial genesinto our DNA, meaning that conjugation could have happened quickly enough to add genes only to humans, in the years since they split from the common ancestor they shared with chimpanzees.

While antibiotic resistance genes are not harmful in themselves, they limit the use of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections and pose a serious threat to global public health if they get transmitted to humans from environmental sources, such as compost.

Although Jack and Malcolm had never met F2F, they were a tight team with a good rep on the Distributed Biology Network: gene hunters who amplified bacterial DNA from soil and water samples, shotgun sequenced it, and identified genes that weren't in the catalogs.

Ten classifier genes distinguished infants with bacteremia from those without bacterial infections in the test set.

Bacteria share DNA with other organisms with which they come into contact, so an antibiotic - resistant gene can transfer from one type of bacterium to another, and a bacterial cell can become resistant to numerous antibiotics at once.

The researchers isolated and sequenced DNA from the mouse droppings, studying a gene often used to distinguish bacterial species to find out what gut bugs were present.

To minimize any impacts on food supplies, the investigators then sought out genes from other bacterial species that can break down cellulose, the tough material that makes up the bulk of plants but is not fit for human consumption.

Their research, published in January, shows that bacteriophages can rapidly accelerate the evolution of human pathogens by transferring genes from one bacterial species to another.

The new method circumvents the problem of not being able to culture many of these bacteria in the lab by transferring genes from these bacteria into another bacterial species that is easier to work with.

Then they determine the sequence of as many of those genes as their grant money will allow — typically around a thousand, coming from a thousand bacterial cells — and use that information to estimate how many different kinds of bacteria are present in the sample.

In one of the most elaborate feats of synthetic biology to date, a research team has engineered yeast with a medley of plant, bacterial, and rodent genes to turn sugar into thebaine, the key opiate precursor to morphine and other powerful painkilling drugs that have been harvested for thousands of years from poppy plants.

These genes exist on plasmids, small segments of DNA that are capable of moving from one bacterium to another, potentially spreading antibiotic resistance to other bacterial species.

Researchers have speculated that they could reverse this process with bacterial DNA - cutting enzymes they have adapted for adding and subtracting genes from mice and other multicelled organisms.

Surprisingly, the team also found 66 genes analogous to ones regulated by beneficial bacteria in the mouse intestine — suggesting that some host - bacterial interactions derive from an ancient ancestor of both mice and fish.

Although this problem can, to some extent, be addressed by the use of reporter constructs (e.g. Diptericin - LacZ) that provide quantitative or visual read - outs from specific immune response genes, we still lack the ability to follow bacterial infections in real - time in the critical early stages of infection.

Plasmids are rings of bare DNA containing a handful of genes that are essentially freeloaders, borrowing most of what they need to live from their bacterial host.

For instance, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP)(Turnbaugh et al, 2007; Peterson et al, 2009; Huttenhower et al, 2012) and MetaHIT (Qin et al, 2010) have generated maps of bacterial species abundances throughout the human body, reference genomes, and catalogs of more than 100 million microbial genes assembled from shotgun sequencing of in vivo communities.

Within a given bacterial species, gene content can vary by 50 % or more from the reference genome.

Of the locations sampled in the study, resistance genes that are most likely to be mobile and able to jump from one bacterial strain to another were found in the highest numbers in the chicken coops of villagers in El Salvador and in the outgoing «gray» water from the sewage treatment plant outside Lima.

Genes that perform the same role in human cells and in bacterial cells, say, may have a recognizably similar spelling of their DNA letters, reflecting the genes» descent from a common anceGenes that perform the same role in human cells and in bacterial cells, say, may have a recognizably similar spelling of their DNA letters, reflecting the genes» descent from a common ancegenes» descent from a common ancestor.

Brady and coworkers amplify and sequence bacterial DNA from environmental soil samples and then look for gene clusters that encode enzyme systems likely to biosynthesize natural products with preselected characteristics.

If a soil sample contains bacterial genes that produce enzymes used to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into solid carbon, and these genes are active, researchers can conclude that microbes within the sample are actively storing carbon.

«It's possible that bacterial genes have swept all over the world and replaced everything else that existed, so some of the features of the last common ancestor may have been erased from the face of the planet,» Koonin said.

When scientists at the University of Delhi in India took soil samples from a pesticide dump and compared them with samples from a cleaner control site, they reported that the soil from the waste site contained a higher concentration of gene sequences from certain bacterial groups, such as Pseudomonas, Novosphingobium and Sphingomonas, that are known to degrade common pesticides like hexachlorocyclohexane.

They can ensure that only bacteria with intact synthetic gene circuits survive, or confine bacteria to a target environment at 37 °C (body temperature) while inducing them to die at lower temperatures, as demonstrated during bacterial exit from a mouse intestinal tract.

The team led by biomedical engineering professor Charles A. Gersbach used a mouse model suffering from a mutated exon of the dystrophin gene, programming CRISPR / CAS9 — a bacterial - protein derived process of cutting and pasting DNA portions — to snip out the defective exon.

Their gene densities of approximately 1 gene per 1.1 kb, suggest that bacterial gene numbers will vary from the 473 identified genes in Mycoplasma genitalium (Fraser et al., 1995), to an estimated 8000 or so in Myxococcus xanthus (Table 1).

Bacterial Gene Numbers Vary from Approximately 500 to 8000 and Overlap Those of Single - Celled Eukaryotes The bacterial genome projects already provide excellent estimates for the number and types of protein and RNA molecules made by free living prokaryotes (Bacterial Gene Numbers Vary from Approximately 500 to 8000 and Overlap Those of Single - Celled Eukaryotes The bacterial genome projects already provide excellent estimates for the number and types of protein and RNA molecules made by free living prokaryotes (bacterial genome projects already provide excellent estimates for the number and types of protein and RNA molecules made by free living prokaryotes (Table 1).

Over the next few years genes from different bacterial (and eventually mammalian) species were cloned into plasmids and new cloning vectors such as pBR322, pACYC, and pUC were developed to provide higher copy number vectors that could be used in these cloning experiments.

Her game - changing technology takes a mysterious bacterial genetic code and transforms it into a powerful tool for cutting and pasting bits of genetic material — meaning not only could the entire field of gene therapy be revived, but her genome - editing tool could one day be used to treat a range of diseases, from cancer and AIDS to hereditary disorders like Down syndrome and Huntington disease.

Working with Carla Guimaraes from Whitehead Member Hidde Ploegh's lab, Carette subjected knockout cells to several bacterial toxins to identify resistant cells and therefore the genes responsible.

Uncoupling PR Gene Expression from NPR1 and Bacterial Resistance: Characterization of the Dominant Arabidopsis cpr 6 - 1 Mutant

tomato collected during a recent outbreak of bacterial speck disease in New York; and 2) Identifying and characterizing immunity - associated genes from wild relatives of tomato.

In 2013, Sorcha Mc Ginty, a biologist then at the University of Zurich, and her colleagues created a computer model showing that plasmids — genes that move from one bacterium to another — help spur the evolution of cooperation within bacterial communities.

The GENSAT collection contains transgenic strains of mice in which each transgene is derived from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and expresses a reporter gene in the same environment as the native gene.

The term is often used to refer to organisms that have had genes transplanted from other species — corn plants engineered to carry bacterial genes that make a chemical toxic to pests, for instance.

We investigated the distal gut bacterial communities of three healthy humans before and after treatment with ciprofloxacin, obtaining more than 7,000 full - length rRNA sequences and over 900,000 pyrosequencing reads from two hypervariable regions of the rRNA gene.

This is one of a hundred valuable lines in Amy Harmon's prize - worthy feature exploring a Florida orange grower's quest for a gene that can save the citrus industry from a global bacterial threat.