Sentences with phrase «balance at the surface»

His model of the atmosphere was advanced for the time, but he did consider the radiative balance at the surface, whereas we now consider that this is flawed and the balance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is more appropriate.

It's not really to do with photons emitted by the surface at first, it is just more photons emitted by the atmosphere with more GHGs, making a larger downward IR flux changing the energy balance at the surface until it warms up enough to emit more and balance it again.

It must after all balance at the surface and at TOA — eventually give or take some planetary warming and cooling.

Callendar's calculations focused on the radiation balance at the surface, whereas Arrhenius had (correctly) focussed on the balance at the top of the atmosphere.

In the futuristic climate scenarios, differences in the time of day of precipitation had very important impacts on the radiation balance at the surface.

It also balances at the surface including radiation, latent heat, heat flux, and it balances within the atmosphere.

To clarify, consider the change in the net radiative balance at the surface as having a shortwave and longwave component

And radiative balance at the surface won't be achieved by a change in temperature at the surface of 0.0005 K.

A simple question, which can have implication on energy balance at surface level: Is the assumption that the earth surface, even the solid part of it, act as a black body in the LW region?

Not exact matches

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The superior manoeuvrability can be easily controlled with the rear wheel break, and the the grip pad on the freerider deck provides an anti-slip surface, allowing your child to find their balance and directional control at once!

Finally, Nick Hurd, the Cabinet Office MInister, spoke for the Government at the end of the debate: I really believe that we have barely scratched the surface of what can be achieved in this country if we strike a more effective and balanced partnership between government, business and civil society, including active citizens in our communities who want to get more involved.

When the team looked at the overall balance between the radiation upward from the surface of the ice sheet and the radiation both upward and downward from the upper levels of the atmosphere across all infrared wavelengths over the course of a year, they found that in central Antarctica the surface and lower atmosphere, against expectation, actually lose more energy to space if the air contains greenhouse gases, the researchers report online and in a forthcoming Geophysical Research Letters.

Scientists also create compounds called «potentiators» to activate the CFTR channels at the cell surface to maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in fluids, including those found inside lungs.

David Ullman, a postdoctoral researcher at Oregon State University and lead author on the study, said there are two mechanisms through which ice sheets diminish — dynamically, from the jettisoning of icebergs at the fringes, or by a negative «surface mass balance,» which compares the amount of snow accumulation relative to melting.

Dr Santos explains: «We have all at some point in life stepped on a slippery surface where we have to steady our balance so that we don't fall.

The causes of the age differences at MIS 5 were proposed to occur from (i) an overestimation of the surface mass balance at around MIS 5d - 6 in the glaciological model, and (ii) an error in one of the age constraints by ~ 3 kyr at MIS 5b.

Volodin, E.M., 2004: Relation between the global - warming parameter and the heat balance on the Earth's surface at increased contents of carbon dioxide.

Toby Ault, the lead author of the study and the atmospheric researcher explained that the risk of a mega drought depends critically on the balance of soil moisture at the soil's surface.

Clouds are a big contributor to the balance of energy at the surface and, therefore, have a big impact.»

-- wide surface for balance — even footing at both ends — vinyl - covered boxed foam cushioning — a surface that is easy to clean — manageable weight for moving and storing

An all - purpose cleanser can be obtain at a lower average cost and works perfectly by balancing key ingredients in order to clean your fruits and vegetables, laundry, dishes, surfaces and countertops.

They balanced the tyres and most of the vibrations went away, except a knock / vibration I can feel on the steering wheel at high speeds (100 - 110 Km / h) or sometimes when the road surface has small imperfections.

Washboard dirt roads and deep sand were the 1 - ton pickup's worst enemy, as at speed on these surfaces the stiff suspension had the truck bouncing around like an out of balance washing machine, deteriorating ground contact causing traction and momentum loss.

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Notable solo exhibitions include «Longing Lasting», Stephen Friedman Gallery (2015 - 2016); «Claire Barclay: Overworkings», Touchstones Rochdale, Lancashire, UK (2015); «Claire Barclay, Another Kind of Balance», Talbot Rice Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland (2013 - 2014); «Reading off the Surface», Skulpturi, Copenhagen, Denmark (2011); «Shadow Spans» at the Whitechapel Gallery, London (2011 - 2010); «Pale Heights», MUDAM, Luxembourg (2009); «Claire Barclay», Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, UK (2009); «Open Wide», Camden Arts Centre, London, England (2008); «Fault on the Right Side», Kunstverein Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany (2007) and «Half - Light», Tate Britain, London, England (2003); Zenomap, Palazzo Guistinian - Lolin, Venice Biennale, Italy (2003).

The heavier, browner palette is found in Wilson's Hammer and Tongs (1972) with its meticulously worked drapery study, and the architectural complexity of the workbench in Stretcher Pliers (1972), which is a damn sight more complicated painting than it seems at first because it balances several planes from foreground to middle ground to a second stage of the middle ground on a tilting shelf surface.

The expansive white ground reverberates with an exquisite tint of pink, appearing as though the red of the circle seeped slowly out by osmosis to the porous surface area surrounding it, balanced at the other pole by extended halos of faint blue that saturate the white around Gottlieb's brushstrokes.

Using (i) a state - of - the - art global climate model and (ii) a low - order energy balance model, we show that the global climate feedback is fundamentally linked to the geographic pattern of regional climate feedbacks and the geographic pattern of surface warming at any given time.

As a result, the global balance of energy fluxes within the atmosphere or at Earth's surface can not be derived directly from measured fluxes, and is therefore uncertain.

Since heat rises, the balance of the sequestered heat is back at the surface in 250 years when it can be recycled once again through the heat engines.

Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior) temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differential heating.

In full equilibrium, at any given level, there may be some net radiative heating at some frequencies compensated by some net radiative cooling at other frequencies, with convection balancing the full spectrum radiative cooling of the troposphere and heating of the surface.

The change in radiation balance is more heating of the oceans at one side (specifically high in the subtropics, as expected), but more heat released at higher altitudes, thus somewhere acting as a net negative feedback to higher sea surface temperatures.

Before allowing the temperature to respond, we can consider the forcing at the tropopause (TRPP) and at TOA, both reductions in net upward fluxes (though at TOA, the net upward LW flux is simply the OLR); my point is that even without direct solar heating above the tropopause, the forcing at TOA can be less than the forcing at TRPP (as explained in detail for CO2 in my 348, but in general, it is possible to bring the net upward flux at TRPP toward zero but even with saturation at TOA, the nonzero skin temperature requires some nonzero net upward flux to remain — now it just depends on what the net fluxes were before we made the changes, and whether the proportionality of forcings at TRPP and TOA is similar if the effect has not approached saturation at TRPP); the forcing at TRPP is the forcing on the surface + troposphere, which they must warm up to balance, while the forcing difference between TOA and TRPP is the forcing on the stratosphere; if the forcing at TRPP is larger than at TOA, the stratosphere must cool, reducing outward fluxes from the stratosphere by the same total amount as the difference in forcings between TRPP and TOA.

In equilibrium, all fluxes into the surface will be balanced by fluxes out of the surface (including momentum, etc, as well as energy), so whatever lies beneath the surface gives the surface an effective heat capacity and also (in the oceans) some ability for local / regional imbalances to be balanced globally, with all of that responding to forcings and PR+CR and other feedbacks at the surface.

The state of the Earth System (a single system at the planetary level) also involves the oceans, the atmosphere, the cryosphere and very important processes like the surface energy balance and the flows and transformation of elements.

The troposphere + surface have to warm up enough so that the upward flux at TRPP balances both the TRPP forcing and TRPP feedbacks from changes below TRPP.

Starting with zero atmospheric LW absorption, adding any small amount cools the whole atmopshere towards a skin temperature and warms the surface — tending to produce a troposphere (the forcing at any level will be positive, and thus will be positive at the tropopause; it will increase downward toward the surface if the atmosphere were not already as cold as the skin temperature, thus resulting in atmospheric cooling toward the skin temperature; cooling within the troposphere will be balanced by convective heating from the surface at equilibrium, with that surface + troposphere layer responding to tropopause - level forcing.)

Re my 441 — competing bands — To clarify, the absorption of each band adds to a warming effect of the surface + troposphere; given those temperatures, there are different equilibrium profiles of the stratosphere (and different radiative heating and cooling rates in the troposphere, etc.) for different amounts of absorption at different wavelengths; the bands with absorption «pull» on the temperature profile toward their equilibria; disequilibrium at individual bands is balanced over the whole spectrum (with zero net LW cooling, or net LW cooling that balances convective and solar heating).

Solar heating at all levels beneath the tropopause, whether at the surface or aloft, still must be approximately balanced by the net upward LW flux at the tropopause in an equilibrium climate.

Furthermore since modelers tweak cloud parameters to match global albedo and achieve energy balance, and because the AR4 models achieve a good match to global average surface temperatures, there are at least partially compensating errors elsewhere in the models for both albedo and temperature.

In order to maintain hydrostatic balance the necessary kinetic energy can not be radiated away to space hence that «additional» energy must be held at the surface over and above that which is required (by the surface and atmosphere combined) solely to radiate enough energy to space to match energy being received from space.

The surface budget must close just like the top - of - atmosphere balance does at equilibrium, but the surface temperature will still be dragged along by the top of atmosphere energy budget.

Kinetic energy at the surface acting via conduction and convection supplies the upward pressure gradient force which offsets the downward force of gravity in order to constantly hold the mass of an atmosphere off the surface in hydrostatic balance.

Promote field and modeling efforts to predict how atmospheric forcings will degrade near - surface permafrost and alter the surface energy balance and hydrology in the Arctic, at local to regional scales.

Radiative balance between Earth and space at TOA does not imply or entail radiative balance between Earth surface and troposphere.

Then the Earth surface temperature at which a balance is attained matters a lot to humans and the rest of the biosphere, and that can't be calculated on present knowledge (though it might be bounded from above.)

How much does the Earth surface have to warm in order to restore the radiative balance at TOA after a doubling of CO2?