Ballast water refers to the water that ships carry in their tanks to maintain stability and balance while sailing. This water may contain various organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. When the ship releases this water into new environments, it can introduce invasive species that harm the ecosystem.
Full definition
Some species surreptitiously hitch a ride to their new homes on human transport: Think seeds and burrs on hikers» clothing, or fish
in ballast water of cargo ships.
There are many actions which can be taken to reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of alien species invasions, such as the treatment
of ballast water in cargo ships and wood products, strict quarantine applied to crop and horticultural products, and embargos on the trade and deliberate introduction of known invader species.
It has caused tremendous damage to fisheries in the Black Sea after arriving in
ballast water from its original habitat along the East coast of North America.
Around a decade later an unknown ship, probably from the Bay of Bengal,
discharged ballast water into the coastal waters of Peru, releasing a strain of cholera that contaminated shellfish.
He noted that it's been 10 years since the international
ballast water convention was signed, and it's still not in force.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that a previously unreported strain of cholera found in oysters and fish - gut contents in Mobile Bay, Alabama during 1991, was transported there
by ballast water from ships that arrived from Latin America, which had an ongoing cholera epidemic.
Among other things, they have established a partnership on
ballast water with the Danish Maritime Administration and the Danish Shipowners Association and, as one of its activities, the partnership organised an international conference in Copenhagen on 1 November.
Ships take
on ballast water in their home ports, discharging it when they take on cargo for the return journey.
Mnemiopsis leidyi was most likely introduced to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea
through ballast water of ships from North America.
In 1991, the IMO adopted guidelines which recommend that ships should avoid taking on ballast in shallow areas and during toxic blooms of marine algae; keep accurate records of where and when ballast is loaded;
exchange ballast water at sea, where toxic organisms are rare; and discharge sediments into approved areas at the port of destination («End of the line for deadly stowaways», New Scientist, 24 October 1992).
The guidelines are voluntary at this stage because it is not known which is the most effective way of
treating ballast water.
Gillibrand touched on invasive species in the area, referring to the zebra mussel, saying the federal government has to make sure ships are not
dumping ballast water in the Great Lakes.
Of course, there are probably some industrialists that would prefer to have unfettered access to the Great Lakes and not have to worry
about ballast water cleaning and things like that.
Why aren't Greenpeace and its ilk shutting down ports till they enforce
ballast water clean - up?
Future simulations will also have to take into account which engineering solutions
for ballast water treatment will eventually be adopted by port authorities.
The investigators suggested several ways in which an Asian strain could have arrived in the Chesapeake Bay area:
via ballast water from ships arriving from Asia, or due to the introduction of exotic oysters or fish carrying the strain.
Although other human activities such as aquaculture and
releasing ballast water from ships probably play a bigger role in spreading invasive marine species, Hines agrees that lax regulations on the seafood industry also contribute to the problem.
Therefore, if the aim is to keep introduced species out, then only taking
ballast water into consideration will not be enough.
Thirty years ago, a ship from North America sailed up the Bosphorus and dumped
ballast water containing comb jellyfish from back home.
These biological time bombs were meant to be defused by a UN treaty agreed in 2004 requiring big ships to filter and disinfect
ballast water before dumping it.
Via Milwaukee Journal Sentinal: - «Frustrated by the mounting number of invasive species arriving in the bellies of overseas freighters, some conservationists are proposing a simple but radical solution: Ban the ships from the Great Lakes until they can figure out how to stop discharging
contaminated ballast water.
Successful examples include projects
around ballast water, seaweed, tidal energy and deep - sea mining.
Alfa Laval PureBallast 3 is the third generation of the
leading ballast water treatment technology — and the first solution to be revised G8 ready.
In early February, Alfa Laval PureBallast 3 became the
first ballast water treatment solution to be type approved according to the revised G8 guidelines.
«Senator Grisanti has a stellar record representing Buffalo Niagara, including leading the fight for UB2020, reauthorizing historic preservation tax credits,
reforming ballast water regulations, passing manufacturer tax relief and, most recently, extending the Brownfield Cleanup Program, the Partnership's number one priority this year.
With 50 ships traveling through the canal daily, swapping around 10 million tons of
ballast water annually between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, it's no surprise the Suez is a hotbed for species invasion.
It is one of the best - documented alien invaders, arriving in oil
tanker ballast water from the American Atlantic in 1982.
To find the presentation abstract, search here for «ballast» Ivor Knight's home page Gregory Ruiz's home page, with information about marine invasions and the
National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse
Irradiating ballast water with ultraviolet (UV) light may be a simple way to stop invasive species, according to a study presented here on 21 May at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
In addition, researchers are looking at ways to heat (Science, 14 July 2000, p. 241) or
filter ballast water.
The organisms can cause havoc to marine life in the ports
where ballast water is off - loaded, because their natural predators are not there to keep them in check.
In the next few weeks, the research arm of Australia's largest company, BHP, will carry out tests on heat treatments to
sterilise ballast water, using the water that cools the ship's engines.
Julian Parker, secretary of the Nautical Institute in London, says that stress is also introduced if a ship's pumps can not discharge
ballast water fast enough to compensate for the increasing weight of cargo.
The 70,000 or so vessels that would be covered by the treaty transport more than 7 billion tonnes of
ballast water round the world each year, says David Smith, head of technical services at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in the UK.
Cecilia de Castro, lead author of the review, commented: «This study comes at a pertinent time, providing further evidence to highlight the importance of the
IMO Ballast Water Convention, which has recently reached 35 per cent of world merchant shipping tonnage and will enter into force on 8/09/2017.
The Mobile Test Platform is a retrofitted barge that will
allow ballast water treatment systems to be evaluated in a natural setting at different locations in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Four shipping companies, four shipping associations and one dock company filed a complaint in U.S. District Court in Detroit asking a judge to declare the
Michigan Ballast Water Act unconstitutional.»
The U.S. Coast Guard came out with draft rules this month
on ballast water, but some environmental groups say they're wishy - washy.
In 1993, the U.S. Coast Guard made
exchanging ballast water with mid-ocean saltwater mandatory, yet wave after wave of new invasions kept rolling into the Great Lakes.
New international requirements for
treating ballast water to stop harmful hitchhikers also pose scientific challenges for the testing of disinfection technology.
The first comprehensive assessment of the risk posed
by ballast water has identified 20 hotspots that are particularly vulnerable to being invaded by species stowed away inside the bowels of cargo ships.
People started worrying about global warming in recent years, but they didn't realize that the Caribbean already was kind of devastated by a hammer blow of this organism that probably came through the Panama Canal
in ballast water on a ship.
Scientists say that Mnemiopsis probably reached the Adriatic
via ballast waters — something a new international treaty that comes into force next year should hopefully prevent in the future.