The substrates used in the experiments included a sand -
based substrate (sand) composed of 80 % washed sand, 15 % clay and silt fines, and 5 % pine bark; a soil -
based substrate (soil) composed of 50 % sandy
loam soil and 50 % pine bark; and a slate -
based substrate (slate) composed of 80 % expanded slate and 20 % pine bark.