Student - test -
based measures of teacher performance are receiving increasing attention in part because there are, as yet, few complementary or alternative measures that can provide reliable and valid information on the effectiveness of a teacher's classroom practice.
This component makes up 50 and 75 percent of the overall evaluation scores in the districts we studied, and much less is known about observation -
based measures of teacher performance than about value - added measures based on test scores.
My colleague Katharine Lindquist and I used statewide data from North Carolina to simulate the impact of opt - out on test - score -
based measures of teacher performance.
Not exact matches
Lawmakers last year agreed to linking Common Core -
based testing to the results
of teacher performance evaluations, a
measure that was sought by Gov. Andrew Cuomo and linked to a boost in school aid.
They implemented a rigorous
teacher evaluation system,
based on multiple
measures of performance.
The new evaluation system will provide clear standards and significant guidance to local school districts for implementation
of teacher evaluations
based on multiple
measures of performance including student achievement and rigorous classroom observations.
Opting out adds noise to the data, which increases the amount
of variability in the
teacher performance measures because each
teacher's score is
based on fewer students.
On the
basis of these survey results, we created three
measures: (1) the principal's overall assessment
of the
teacher's effectiveness, which is a single item from the survey; (2) the
teacher's ability to improve student academic
performance, which is a simple average
of the organization, classroom management, reading achievement, and math achievement survey items; and (3) the
teacher's ability to increase student satisfaction, which is a simple average
of the role model and student satisfaction survey items.
Finally and most significantly, Tennessee's RTTT package requires that
measured student achievement comprise at least 50 % (35 %
based on TVAAS gains, where available)
of teacher and principal
performance assessments.
Those who want to reward
teachers on the
basis of measured performance should consider whether it is worth the trouble and expense to implement value - added assessment if the only outcome is to reward small numbers
of teachers.
While this positive response is certainly dependent on the special nature
of the objective - setting process in Denver — a process in which
teachers collaborated directly with their principals to set goals
based on individually
measured baselines for the students they taught, in the subject matter they taught — this response still flies in the face
of preconceptions that
teachers fear pay for
performance based on student growth because it will harm collegial relations.
When they insist that ideas like school choice,
performance pay, and
teacher evaluations
based on value - added
measures will themselves boost student achievement, would - be reformers stifle creativity, encourage their allies to lock elbows and march forward rather than engage in useful debate and reflection, turn every reform proposal into an us - against - them steel - cage match, and push researchers into the awkward position
of studying whether reforms «work» rather than when, why, and how they make it easier to improve schooling.
The next round must get to
measuring teacher effectiveness
based on student achievement, promoting professional development that is
based on research and effective practice and improves
performance, providing incentives for
teachers who are effective, and requiring removal
of teachers who, even with solid professional development, can't or don't improve.
Finally, we found no evidence that in the practicum student
teachers were being assessed on the
basis of measured student
performance.
According to the DfE, the activity -
based assessment will enable better, fairer
measures of primary school
performance by capturing the progress
teachers help pupils to make from the first weeks
of reception all the way through to the end
of year 6.
Outstanding
performance may also be
measured based on the assessment
of the head
teacher (Portugal), assessments performed by education administrators (Turkey), or the
measured learning achievements
of students (Mexico).
They use a multitude
of measures —
performance -
based assessment, growth models, or value - added models — to assess
teacher practice.
Our objective is to
measure the impact
of practice -
based performance evaluation on
teacher effectiveness.
This (and Race to the Top) prompted state legislators to craft an even stricter law that required fully half
of a
teacher's evaluation to be
based on students» test
performance; the union put up a fight and Governor Charlie Crist vetoed the
measure.
After decades
of relying on often - perfunctory classroom observations to assess
teacher performance, districts from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles now evaluate many
of their
teachers based in part on VA
measures and, in some cases, use these
measures as a
basis for differences in compensation.
In February 2012, the New York Times took the unusual step
of publishing
performance ratings for nearly 18,000 New York City
teachers based on their students» test - score gains, commonly called value - added (VA)
measures.
This February she sought a waiver to skirt tenure law to lay off nearly a third
of Newark's district school
teachers,
based not on seniority but «
performance»
measures.
Pay
Teachers More and Reach All Students with Excellence — Aug 30, 2012 District RTTT — Meet the Absolute Priority for Great -
Teacher Access — Aug 14, 2012 Pay
Teachers More — Within Budget, Without Class - Size Increases — Jul 24, 2012 Building Support for Breakthrough Schools — Jul 10, 2012 New Toolkit: Expand the Impact
of Excellent
Teachers — Selection, Development, and More — May 31, 2012 New
Teacher Career Paths: Financially Sustainable Advancement — May 17, 2012 Charlotte, N.C.'s Project L.I.F.T. to be Initial Opportunity Culture Site — May 10, 2012 10 Financially Sustainable Models to Reach More Students with Excellence — May 01, 2012 Excellent Teaching Within Budget: New Infographic and Website — Apr 17, 2012 Incubating Great New Schools — Mar 15, 2012 Public Impact Releases Models to Extend Reach
of Top
Teachers, Seeks Sites — Dec 14, 2011 New Report:
Teachers in the Age
of Digital Instruction — Nov 17, 2011 City -
Based Charter Strategies: New White Papers and Webinar from Public Impact — Oct 25, 2011 How to Reach Every Child with Top
Teachers (Really)-- Oct 11, 2011 Charter Philanthropy in Four Cities — Aug 04, 2011 School Turnaround Leaders: New Ideas about How to Find More
of Them — Jul 21, 2011 Fixing Failing Schools: Building Family and Community Demand for Dramatic Change — May 17, 2011 New Resources to Boost School Turnaround Success — May 10, 2011 New Report on Making
Teacher Tenure Meaningful — Mar 15, 2011 Going Exponential: Growing the Charter School Sector's Best — Feb 17, 2011 New Reports and Upcoming Release Event — Feb 10, 2011 Picky Parent Guide — Nov 17, 2010
Measuring Teacher and Leader
Performance: Cross-Sector Lessons for Excellent Evaluations — Nov 02, 2010 New
Teacher Quality Publication from the Joyce Foundation — Sept 27, 2010 Charter School Research from Public Impact — Jul 13, 2010 Lessons from Singapore & Shooting for Stars — Jun 17, 2010 Opportunity at the Top — Jun 02, 2010 Public Impact's latest on Education Reform Topics — Dec 02, 2009 3X for All: Extending the Reach
of Education's Best — Oct 23, 2009 New Research on Dramatically Improving Failing Schools — Oct 06, 2009 Try, Try Again to Fix Failing Schools — Sep 09, 2009 Innovation in Education and Charter Philanthropy — Jun 24, 2009 Reconnecting Youth and Designing PD That Works — May 29.
·
Base teacher evaluations on multiple
measures of performance including «value - added» data on student academic progress.
Left - wing policy supports neighborhood -
based public schools, opposes any methods to
measure or differentiate the
performance of teachers or schools, and argues instead for alternatives to school reform like increased anti-poverty spending or urging middle - class parents to enroll their children in high - poverty schools.
A: SGOs can be
based on assessments that
teachers currently use to evaluate their students, as long as they are fair and accurate
measures of their students»
performance (see SGO guidebook for guidance on this).
Recent policy debate has centered on defining
measures of teacher quality, including student outcomes, and structuring incentives for
teachers based on
performance.
Among them are a focus within preschool programs on teaching pre-academic skills; the conceptualization
of the role
of the adults who provide center -
based care as that
of a
teacher; a bias towards delivering pre-K services through school districts; a press towards common standards and curriculum across pre-K providers; accountability regimens that are tied to children's
performance on
measures that correlate with later school success; disproportionate spending on four - year - olds as opposed to younger children; and marginalization
of the family's responsibility.
The program's
teacher performance assessments are
based on multiple
measures of performance, not just students» test results.
Together, these premises argue for systems that aim to evaluate, recognize, and remove
teachers based on
performance, but that do so while respecting the bluntness
of various
measures.
Most
of the two - hour session was a tutorial on the detailed process, unveiled last week, that will rate every
teacher and principal
based on a mix
of measures including student
performance — starting next year.
Even so, the
teachers in the most effective schools were very aware
of the need to make sure that the groups were flexible, that students moved to another group when their
performance (as
measured by their internal school -
based monitoring system) merited movement.
Secretary Duncan has approved waivers
of key provisions
of the No Child Left Behind Act for 39 states and the District
of Columbia that agreed, among other conditions, to
measure teacher performance based on student test scores.
One
of the commitments that Washington — and every State that received ESEA flexibility — made was to put in place
teacher and principal evaluation and support systems that take into account information on student learning growth
based on high - quality college - and career - ready (CCR) State assessments as a significant factor in determining
teacher and principal
performance levels, along with other
measures of professional practice such as classroom observations.
«It is deeply disappointing that during a week when we are supposed to be celebrating
teachers, the district court determined that it could not halt the unreasonable evaluation
of most
teachers in Florida
based on a
measure of student
performance that has nothing to do with the actual instruction the
teachers provide,» Van Roekel said.
These
performance -
based evaluations are often very subjective and only take small
measures of a
teacher's
performance into consideration.
Under the Annual Professional
Performance Review system, each teacher receives a summary evaluation based on state - approved and local measures of student performance (including the teacher's VAM score), classroom observations, and othe
Performance Review system, each
teacher receives a summary evaluation
based on state - approved and local
measures of student
performance (including the teacher's VAM score), classroom observations, and othe
performance (including the
teacher's VAM score), classroom observations, and other
measures.
B.
Base 80 %
of teacher evaluation on student
performance, leaving the following options for local school districts to select from: keeping the current local
measures generating new assessments with performance — driven student activities, (performance - assessments, portfolios, scientific experiments, research projects) utilizing options like NYC Measures of Student Learning, and corresponding student growth m
measures generating new assessments with
performance — driven student activities, (
performance - assessments, portfolios, scientific experiments, research projects) utilizing options like NYC
Measures of Student Learning, and corresponding student growth m
Measures of Student Learning, and corresponding student growth
measuresmeasures.
For one thing, they believed that the tests on which VAMs are
based lacked legitimacy as
measures of students» (and
teachers»)
performance.
Other differences come from the tests on which the value - added
measures are
based; because test scores are not perfectly accurate
measures of student knowledge, it follows that they are not perfectly accurate gauges
of teacher performance.
Using data from the
Measures of Effective Teaching study, we conduct simulation -
based analyses that illustrate the critical role that
performance measure weights and ratings thresholds play in determining
teachers» summative evaluation ratings and the distribution
of teacher proficiency rates.
There,
teachers combined small group
teacher instruction with computer -
based learning throughout the school day, producing within one school year a 47 - point increase on the state's 1,000 - point
measure of academic
performance.
The largest study
of performance incentives
based on value - added
measures comes from a Nashville, Tennessee study that randomly assigned middle - school math
teachers (who volunteered for the study) to be eligible for
performance -
based pay or not.
It implemented a
performance -
based compensation system combining student growth and achievement
measures with 23
measures of school effectiveness, such as positive school culture, effective parent engagement, and
teacher leadership.
A
Measure of Teacher Performance Creation of growth models and increasingly focused attention on academic growth as the basis for accountability has highlighted the question of how student growth is related to teacher perfo
Teacher Performance Creation of growth models and increasingly focused attention on academic growth as the basis for accountability has highlighted the question of how student growth is related to teacher p
Performance Creation
of growth models and increasingly focused attention on academic growth as the
basis for accountability has highlighted the question
of how student growth is related to
teacher perfo
teacher performanceperformance.
Initial findings from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's
Measure of Effective Teaching (MET) study indicate that
teachers» value - added histories — composite
measures based on student test scores and
teachers» perceived ability to present challenging material — are strong indicators
of future classroom
performance.
As part
of the Present Levels section
of the IEP, her special education
teacher writes, «A review
of Maria's
performance on grade - level curriculum -
based measures for reading indicates that she needs to improve her reading accuracy and rate.
States and districts should develop frameworks for
teacher performance appraisal that are
based on research - supported best practices, consistent in application, fair to
teachers and evaluators, and valid and reliable
measures of teacher performance.
With $ 360 million in additional Race to the Top money, it is backing work by states to design new testing systems that it says will
measure student growth — rather than capture a snapshot
of achievement — supply real - time feedback to
teachers to guide instruction, and include
performance -
based items to gauge more types
of learning.
That law specifies that 40 percent
of teachers» reviews be
based on
measures of student academic growth and 60 percent on the
teachers» classroom
performance.