However, when researchers try to distinguish cruciferous vegetables from other foods in the diet, it can be challenging to get clear results
because study participants may have trouble remembering precisely what they ate.
Just
because study participants in a controlled setting lost weight on a vegan diet doesn't mean that it will work for you.
And,
because the study participants were all in generally good health — physically and emotionally — the results may not hold true for everyone.
Also,
because the study participants were mostly from well - off families, the findings might not apply to families that are less affluent.
While this result may suggest that seasonal flu immunization has diminishing returns, Ellebedy says that it is partly
because study participants were all adults who had probably been exposed to flu viruses before.
Not exact matches
In their
study, 20 % of
participants used to have ad blockers but turned them off, either
because the publisher asked them to in order to view content, or
because the ad blocker itself blocked content they wanted to see.
As Melvin Williams points out, a church member must become more of an «observing
participant» than a
participant observer,
because the member is already an insider and accustomed to the values and behavior that he or she must now
study objectively.2
Study participants also indicated they were involved in a religious institution
because of the religious preferences of a spouse or partner.
TLT: It's important to note that only 11 of the 50 chains
studied by CSPI are
participants in the Kids Live Well program (only 10 of which were
studied because one didn't offer nutritional data).
Limitations of the
study included low response rate for control families, higher socioeconomic status in
participants vs. nonparticipants, possible residual confounding despite multivariate analysis, and possible recall bias
because of retrospective design.
The convenience sampling frame (including recruitment via social media) is a limitation of this
study,
because it prevents us from calculating a response rate as it is unknown how many eligible
participants were invited to the
study / saw the advertisement.
The
study in BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth found that
participants who did have chest masculinization surgery did so
because of chest - related gender dysphoria and being identified as female
because of the way their chest looks.
The
study was double blinded, but it is conceivable that
participants could develop insight into which group they were in
because of the compressive effect of the socks and the fact that they felt «tight.»
However, we think that
because the
participants and the interviewers were genuinely blind to the
study design, the method that we chose provided valid data.
It was not possible to analyse the following outcomes, either
because data were not reported by any
studies or they were reported in a way that did not allow extraction of the necessary data for meta - analysis, or losses and exclusions were more than 20 % of the randomised
participants.
A limitation of the
study was that
because the aim was to provide evidence of the added value of radiofrequency denervation in a multidisciplinary setting, as done in daily practice,
participants and clinicians were not blinded.
In a similar
study Gratch co-authored with ICT senior research associate Gale Lucas and colleagues in 2016,
participants were shown to often misread honesty when negotiating with each other
because reassuring cues like head movement, positive language and even smiling signal honesty, but actually more frequently represent dishonest action and behaviors.
Participants with metabolic syndrome absorbed less vitamin E than healthy people in the
study, which concerns researchers
because these individuals probably receive less of the beneficial antioxidant properties of vitamin E.
Participants who experienced the decline in VA of one letter on an acuity chart were expected to have a 16 percent increase in mortality risk during the 8 - year
study because of associated declines in IADL levels.
In addition,
because the two employee workplace
studies provided discounted food and the university - based
study provided free food, future research examining analogous situations where
participants pay full price for their meals would be beneficial.
In a double - blind
study, the
participant may come to realise that he or she has been given the drug instead of placebo
because of the experienced side effects, and this may in turn result in increased expectations of improvement and a better effect is reported.
The antiretroviral drugs, of course, can only work if they are in the blood or tissues when HIV attempts to establish an infection, so nonadherent
participants who are in treatment arms of these
studies make it exceedingly difficult to tease out whether infections occurred
because of the drug failure or their own behavior.
A
study of Truvada in sub-Saharan African women at high risk of HIV infection, FEM - PrEP, in April ended early
because no difference existed between
participants receiving the pills or placebos.
In some cases, such as in the selection of
participants for
studies on suicide, the bias in the original
studies may have underestimated the association between access to firearms and suicide,
because both
study and comparison groups were recruited from health care settings where they may have been seeking treatment for suicidal planning.
Maharaj said he didn't use a placebo group in his
study because it was too expensive and
because he believes that the baseline assessment will allow
participants to serve as their own control.
Because of the limited number of
participants, however, further larger
studies will be needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn about the effects of ancient grains on heart health.
Studies about parenting often are biased in the lab
because participants give answers that they think are expected of them or are not aware of their own behavior.
Milgram, in the results he published in the scientific literature, speculated that
study participants hadn't completed their chains
because they lacked motivation or didn't really believe that they could reach their targets.
The Canadian
study is especially important
because newer, more effective treatments for breast cancer were available during the 25 years when
study participants were followed.
However, they caution that
because of the limited number of
participants, further larger
studies will be needed in general clinical settings to confirm the value of this audiovisual distraction tool.
But they caution that many
participants in the original
study could not participate in this follow - up
study because they were either deceased or incarcerated, which may have affected the results in unknown ways.
Because only 19 of the
participants in the new
study developed psychosis, the work should be replicated in a larger sample, Bearden says.
The ARIC data were especially useful to
study because unlike most previous research linking gum disease and cancer risk, periodontitis cases were determined from dental examinations performed as part of the ARIC
study rather than
participants» self - reports of the disease.
Because all of the
participants in this
study lived in a retirement home, the researchers said that future research should look at the perception and use of Facebook by seniors who live alone.
Leffers says this may be
because the women in this
study under - reported their usage of painkillers in questionnaires, which were not as thorough as the telephone interviews given in addition to questionnaires to
participants in Denmark.
Critics, led by Sidney Wolfe of Ralph Nader's Public Citizen Inc. in Washington, D.C., have attacked CDC - sponsored
studies in Thailand and in Africa
because some
participants were given only a placebo while others received AZT.
Mo surveyed 407
study participants in Florida, which was chosen
because at the time the data was collected, roughly the same percentage of women held elective office in the state (23 percent) as women held elective office in the nation overall (24 percent).
Because long - term AZT treatment is known to cut transmission rates in the United States and Europe, Wolfe argued, it is unethical to withhold such treatment from
study participants in the developing world.
Lane says Guinea and Sierra Leone have so far refused to join the
study because of the ethical concerns about not giving the treatment to all
participants.
All
participants were considered «non-susceptible» to initiating traditional cigarette smoking at the beginning of the
study,
because they had responded «definitely no» when asked if they would try a cigarette offered by a friend or believed they would smoke a cigarette within the next year.
But
because this
study included actual magazine pages,
participants read positive messages about how they could look like the models pictured.
The
study participants also ranked statements to measure their own internal motivation to act with prejudice; the statements included «I attempt to act in a non-prejudiced way toward black people
because it's personally important to me» and «I believe using stereotypes about black people is OK.»
27
participants completed the
study, while approximately 20 per cent of
participants in both groups dropped out
because they either could not tolerate the diet or were unable to attain their 5 per cent weight - loss target.
The results should be interpreted with caution
because the
study relied on the
participants» self - reporting what they ate and
because participants consuming higher amounts of plant - based foods may be more health conscious in general.
While second - stage results showed no significant differences between
participants continuing to receive weekly doses of the active drug, those receiving biweekly doses and those shifted to placebo, Kimball notes that, since it is typical for the severity of HS symptoms to increase and decrease and
because the
study protocol required treatment discontinuation for
participants whose symptoms stopped responding to the drug, larger scale
studies will be required to better define the ideal length and frequency of treatment.
The
study's
participants did not like the pain of receiving a shock,
because they were willing to make about $ 0.30 less money per shock on average to receive fewer of them.
Participants were carefully selected for the
study because certain conditions can affect facial recognition.
Golomb says one reason many doctors overlook risks and believe statins to be safe is that most controlled
studies of statins wind up excluding people who originally begin to participate in a
study but stop taking the drug
because they experience problems from it; these test
participants are then dropped from the
study as «noncompliant.»
The
study was limited in that it did not represent the overall U.S. population
because participants were selected based on location and also may have changed their sodium consumption during the
study because they knew that it was under watch.
Participants were selected as a possible
participant in this
study because they have advanced NSCLC and have received one or more types of therapy to treat their disease.