By comparing their rates of speciation and extinction, McGuire's team calculated that the number of hummingbird species could double
before reaching an equilibrium in the next several million years.
I had to stop that calculation
before it reached equilibrium, but not because of a runaway.
Is more energy required, and how how much and long
before it reach equilibrium that equal how CO2 would do?
Not exact matches
New invading CO2 will carry the new atmospheric isotopic composition but the water still has more isotopes to exchange to
reach equilibrium, and so it will take much longer
before the isotopes respond fully.
As the oceans approach some conditional
equilibrium, delta S would approach 0, for the oceans, delta S for the atmosphere is faster, but not instantaneous, so there would be a lag,
before it
reached its conditional
equilibrium.
The atmosphere has a very small heat capacity compared to the Earth, so it can only absorb a small fraction of the Earth's thermal energy
before reaching thermal
equilibrium.
So asserting that heat won't flow in figure 2 above, or will stop flowing
before all of the gas
reaches thermal
equilibrium, is just like saying that heat won't flow between two ordinary jars of gas at different temperatures in the laboratory, and well over a hundred years of experiments, the entire refrigeration and air conditioning industry, a huge body of technology and engineering, and well understood physical theories all say otherwise.
The question that is unanswerable is how long that energy accumulation occurs for
before a new
equilibrium is
reached.
There is a time delay
before the system
reaches equilibrium.
In the climate case, the system is very complex, because the increase in temperature in response to the back radiation, increases a number of other responses to increased temperature
before equilibrium is
reached.
showing how EM radiation, heat and air / water kinetic energy (in cells, circulations, currents, weather systems and convection columns and so on) move and how long they have to move
before they
reach some kind of
equilibrium would go some way to visualising why it takes time for the earth system to respond to radiative forcing (commitment time lag).