Child gender and child health status at birth were included as part of the analytic design because boys have been shown to have higher rates of aggressive
behavior than girls and cultural norms are thought to influence the expectations for maturity and limits of acceptable behavior (Campbell, 2002).
Among the findings, the author affirms that one of the determinant factors for the child behavior is the gender, for the data show boys to have a higher tendency for antisocial
behavior than girls do, data also show children that present a greater number of peers show more prosocial behaviors.
One study found that girls placed in gender - specific Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) have lower levels of delinquent
behavior than girls who receive group care when evaluated two years later.107 Although these findings are similar to those for males who receive MTFC, the study could not determine whether the gender - specific modifications made to the MTFC influenced the intervention effectiveness.
And they are more accepting of bullying
behavior than girls.
Even as an infant, boys will have a tendency to display subtly more aggressive
behavior than girls.
Boys in the study were somewhat more likely to report
this behavior than girls; those who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual were three times more likely to report this behavior; those who were bullied at school were four to five times more likely, and those bullied online (by others) were seven to twelve times more likely.
Results indicated that boys reported significantly more direct and indirect bullying
behaviors than girls, and higher victimization.
Not exact matches
girls who are obese (or overweight, in the case of protein use) had significantly higher odds of reporting these
behaviors than those of average weight; and
The use of muscle - enhancing
behaviors among middle and high school boys and
girls - including such unhealthy
behaviors as using protein powders or shakes, steroids, and other muscle - enhancing substances - is substantially higher
than previously reported, a new study finds.1
It encouraged young
girls to model healthy mothering
behavior (rather
than purchasing the scantily clad dolls which many
girls have been shown to prefer as a result of the a fore mentioned sexualization issues and modeling unhealthy sexual
behavior).
A
girl is so different
than raising a boy and each child comes with their own
behaviors and personality too.
In a study that was done in 2001, titled Factors associated with Toilet Training in the 1990s done by Dr. R. Schum et al, AND another study done in 2003 titled Relationship between age at initiation of toilet training and duration of training: a prospective study by Blum NJ, Taubman B & Nemeth N show that while boys and
girls often show readiness signals /
behavior at similar ages, it has been shown that
girls begin and complete potty training earlier
than boys!
These skills and
behaviors come together at the different ages depending on the child, but it's rarely before the age of 18 months, and — yes, it's true — boys often train later
than girls.
Shame - based parenting
behaviors may be subtle, hidden in seemingly innocent messages meant to encourage cooperation from our children, like «You should know better
than that,» «Nice
girls don't do that,» «Good boys do this,» or «You already had enough; you shouldn't want more.»
So sometimes, even without realizing it, we demand and praise empathetic
behavior less often in boys
than in
girls.
«Because
girls are more likely to come to emergency departments with suicide - related
behaviors than boys, they may actually reduce their suicide risk by interacting with the system more frequently,» said Dr. Rhodes.
A study of the relationship between binge drinking and eating problems among Russian adolescents has found that problematic eating
behaviors and attitudes are commonplace, and that binge drinking is associated with more eating problems in
girls than boys.
Using the Internet to meet strangers is a more common online
behavior for teenage
girls than most would expect, according to... (read more)
A darkly comedic attack on the cozy pieties present in most teen flicks, Heathers — an even more wickedly canted take - down of adolescent social cliques
than its most recent descendant, Mean
Girls — assayed popularity, teen suicide and downright sociopathic
behavior with equal, cold - water - to - the - face irreverence.
The new research is finding that autistic
girls may display fewer repetitive
behaviors than boys and tend to be more social, verbal, and engaged.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics as a «condition of the brain that makes it difficult for children to control their
behavior,» affects an estimated 4 to 12 percent of all school - age children — about three times more boys
than girls.
This type of
behavior begins to emerge as early as the preschool years and is more common among
girls than boys.95
Regardless of whether increased arrest rates represent a true increase in violent
behavior among female adolescents compared with males or a policy shift toward arrest rather
than alternative treatment of violent females, it is indisputable that the juvenile justice system is handling a rapidly growing share of
girls.
The group of
girls having parents working away from home also reported a higher score of prosocial
behavior than those of boy group with the average score of 7.36 and 6.91, respectively, t (448) = 2.527, p = 0.01).
Two studies have identified groups of
girls exhibiting chronically high levels of antisocial
behavior across childhood and early adolescence and having an increased risk for continued antisocial
behavior.60 In addition, Odgers and several colleagues found that 7.5 percent of all
girls between the ages of seven and fifteen displayed an early - onset of offending that persisted into adolescence and that this pattern was similar to boys of the same age.61 Other studies suggest that although strongly aggressive
behavior in
girls before the age of seven is rare, continuity of offending for such
girls may be stronger
than that among comparable boys and that such early problem
behavior in
girls should be considered a significant warning sign of potential future problems.62
Though there are numerous putative risk factors, many of which overlap, certain of them are particularly salient or even unique to females.65 In addition, some analysts have noted an apparent «gender paradox»: despite the lower prevalence of exposure to risk factors among females in general, those
girls who are clinically referred show more severe
behavior problems
than boys.66
More
than previous generations, today's teen
girls face a daunting range of stressors that put them at risk for a range of serious issues, including self - harming
behaviors, substance abuse, eating disorders, anxiety, and depression.
Additional filtering out of all but the most visibly troubled
girls by police and judges could understandably result in a population of detained females with significantly higher levels of disturbance
than their male counterparts (who need not be as «troubled» to engage in illegal
behavior and who need not appear as «troublesome» to be detained).
Age of Onset Some studies indicate that both boys and
girls tend to begin their antisocial careers around the age of fifteen, with the average age of onset differing by no more
than six months across genders.44 Other research, however, finds that females begin offending when they are younger
than males are.45 Notably, gender differences in the age of onset tend to be most pronounced for serious or aggressive types of delinquency, while less serious problem
behaviors, such as drug and alcohol - related offenses, have less gender - differentiated progressions.46
For example, although the typical disruptive
behaviors of preschool boys and
girls differ little, these
behaviors evolve over time in strongly gender - dependent ways, with
girls outgrowing such
behavior more quickly
than boys.49 Starting in middle childhood, further differences emerge.
Females who exhibit early - onset (by age seven) persistent offending are more likely
than other
girls to engage in antisocial
behavior at age thirty - two.30 For example, 75 percent of these early - onset persistent female offenders had, by age thirty - two, engaged in one or more violent acts, including violence toward partners (44.8 percent) and children (41.7 percent).
More disruptive
girls tend to show less empathy
than girls without
behavior problems, and this deficit is greater among females
than among males.95 It may be that lower levels of empathy pose a greater risk for
girls than for boys because empathy strengthens the ability to foster the strong attachments and relationships that
girls value more highly
than boys do.96
A review of twenty studies on the adult lives of antisocial adolescent
girls found higher mortality rates, a variety of psychiatric problems, dysfunctional and violent relationships, poor educational achievement, and less stable work histories
than among non-delinquent
girls.23 Chronic problem
behavior during childhood has been linked with alcohol and drug abuse in adulthood, as well as with other mental health problems and disorders, such as emotional disturbance and depression.24 David Hawkins, Richard Catalano, and Janet Miller have shown a similar link between conduct disorder among
girls and adult substance abuse.25 Terrie Moffitt and several colleagues found that
girls diagnosed with conduct disorder were more likely as adults to suffer from a wide variety of problems
than girls without such a diagnosis.26 Among the problems were poorer physical health and more symptoms of mental illness, reliance on social assistance, and victimization by, as well as violence toward, partners.
Again,
girls who did not recover had higher reports of other symptoms during adolescence, both more internalizing and externalizing
behaviors, even though during adolescence they did not report more depressive symptoms
than the
girls who bounced back.
Some observers have argued that female offenders can, in theory, be either adolescent - limited or life - course - persistent and that the relative scarcity of early - onset aggression in females indicates that they are generally less likely to follow the latter pathway.56 Others, however, have argued that the relative prevalence of adolescent - onset aggression in
girls (compared with childhood - onset) indicates that persistent delinquency simply manifests at a later age in
girls than it does in boys.57 In Persephanie Silverthorn and Paul Frick's model,
girls and boys are influenced by similar risk factors during childhood, but the onset of delinquent
behavior in
girls is delayed by the more stringent social controls imposed on them before adolescence.
When husbands are belligerent and wives are angry, higher levels of internalizing
behaviors (distress, shame, and self - blame) are found in
girls than boys.
Conclusions and Relevance Sexual communication with parents, particularly mothers, plays a small protective role in safer sex
behavior among adolescents; this protective effect is more pronounced for
girls than boys.
Sexual communication with parents, particularly mothers, plays a small protective role in safer sex
behavior among adolescents; this protective effect is more pronounced for
girls than boys.
Boys in institutional care showed more internalizing
behavior problems
than girls in institutional care.
Although aggressive
behaviors were significantly reduced for
girls and boys in both the experimental and control groups, experimental group
girls assessed themselves to be significantly more aggressive
than control group
girls.
To clarify this relationship, we tested the following hypotheses in a population - based study: (1) children with ADHD have a higher risk of developing depression
than children without ADHD; (2) the pathway from ADHD to depression is mediated (partly) through anxiety and disruptive
behavior disorders; and (3) mediation through anxiety is more prevalent in
girls, and mediation through disruptive
behavior disorders is more prevalent in boys.
Hence, apart from the two above associations which were somewhat stronger for females
than for males, the paths to APP in young adulthood from disruptive
behavior problems in early childhood and internalizing problems as well as substance use in adolescence were the same for boys and
girls.
A stronger association between physical aggressive
behaviors and depressive symptoms was observed in
girls than in boys.
In addition,
girls who present both depressive symptoms and aggressive
behaviors are substantially more impaired
than their male counterparts [2 — 4].
Cross-gender
behavior carries a greater social stigma for boys
than girls;
girls with gender identity disorder experience less overall social rejection, at least until adolescence.
We also expected that parental encouragement would influence PA
behavior of
girls to a greater extent
than boys, especially among same sex parent and child [26].
Gender also influenced self - reported physically aggressive
behavior across waves, with boys (M = 2.14, SD =.76) showing more physical aggression
than girls (M = 1.61, SD =.62), t (536) = 7.62, p <.001.
Research on aggressive
behavior in children and adolescents originally addressed direct, physical forms of aggression, documenting that these were more common among boys
than among
girls (e.g., Hyde [1984]-RRB-.
Despite the fact that previous studies have consistently shown that
girls are much less likely to play violent games
than boys (e.g., Gentile et al. 2004; Möller and Krahé 2009), these studies also showed that if
girls played violent games, the effects on aggressive
behavior were not different from the effects on boys.
Insecure attachment was more strongly linked to externalizing
behavior in samples with boys
than in samples with
girls (Fearon et al. 2010).