The occasional pup within any litter of successful guardians may not be able to perform the work of its heritage, due to
a behavioral idiosyncrasy, incorrect training or another reason, such as unsoundness.
A major cause of these observed
idiosyncrasies of decision - making may be that controlled processing accounts for only part of our overall
behavioral repertoire, and in some circumstances can face stiff competition from domain - specific automatic processes that are part of System 1.