Future studies should attempt
to determine the mechanisms responsible for the impact of TM on school - related conduct problems and attendance by assessing possible changes in perceived negative affective and / or
behavioral impact of
stressors and / or utilizing mock conflict - evoking scenarios
to determine possible changes in
behavioral response patterns.
In humans, both the HPA system and the autonomic nervous system show developmental changes in infancy, with the HPA axis becoming organized between 2 and 6 months of age and the autonomic nervous system demonstrating relative stability by 6
to 12 months of age.63 The HPA axis in particular has been shown
to be highly responsive
to child - caregiver interactions, with sensitive caregiving programming the HPA axis
to become an effective physiological regulator of stress and insensitive caregiving promoting hyperreactive or hyporeactive HPA systems.17 Several animal models as well as human studies also support the connection between caregiver experiences in early postnatal life and alterations of autonomic nervous system balance.63 - 65 Furthermore, children who have a history of sensitive caregiving are more likely
to demonstrate optimal affective and
behavioral strategies for coping with stress.66, 67 Therefore, children with histories of supportive, sensitive caregiving in early development may be better able
to self - regulate their physiological, affective, and
behavioral responses to environmental
stressors and, consequently, less likely
to manifest disturbed HPA and autonomic reactivity that put them at risk for stress - related illnesses such as asthma.
The buffering hypothesis suggests that social relationships may provide resources (informational, emotional, or tangible) that promote adaptive
behavioral or neuroendocrine
responses to acute or chronic
stressors (e.g., illness, life events, life transitions).