Coherently with cognitive models, this study tested the hypothesis that specific
beliefs about emotions may be associated with difficulties in emotion regulation and the use of different ERS (reappraisal, suppression, acceptance, rumination, avoidant coping, experiential avoidance).
(a) Correlations between
Beliefs about Emotions Questionnaire scores (BAEQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and emotion - regulation strategies; (b) Correlations between Affective Control Scale scores (ACS) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and emotion - regulation strategies.
Our findings were consistent with our hypothesis about the specific association between
beliefs about emotions and regulation strategies.
In line with our hypothesis, specific
beliefs about emotions were related to different difficulties in emotion regulation.
Nevertheless, the specific relationship between experiential avoidance, emotion - regula - tion and
beliefs about emotions, has not yet been examined in the literature.
In order to test the relationship between
beliefs about emotions, difficulties in emotion regulation and ER strategies, a series of zero order correlations was performed.
Therefore, we hypothesized that experiential avoidance would be associated with the use of ER strategies in individuals that have negative
beliefs about emotions.
Note: ACS (Affective Control Scale); BAEQ (
Beliefs About Emotions Questionnaire); DERS (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale); ERQ (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire); AAQ - II (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire); SRRS (Stress Reactive Rumination Scale); NAS (Negative Affect Scale); COPE - Avoidant coping (Mental disengagement; Behavioural Disengagement; Denial; Substance Use).
Consistently with the role of avoidance in the cognitive model of worry, we sought testing a mediation pattern where negative
beliefs about emotions were connected to maladaptive ERS through experiential avoidance.
We expected an indirect effect of
beliefs about emotions on emotion regulation strategies, and we hypothesized this effect would be mediated by the unwillingness to remain in contact with aversive private experiences, i.e., experiential avoidance (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) and by the difficulties a person experiences in regulating emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).
Analogously to observations on the relationships between emotional avoidance,
beliefs about emotions, and emotion dysregulation (Linehan, 1993), it has recently been argued that experiential avoidance — the tendency to escape private experiences, such as emotions — may be understood as a function of emotion dysregulation (Hayes et al., 1996; Boulanger, Hayes, & Pistorello, 2010).
We expected that individuals with negative
beliefs about emotions would choose maladaptive ER strategies.
Results supported the hypothesis that
beliefs about emotions are associated with specific ER processes.
Both BAEQ and ACS were used as measures of
beliefs about emotions.
The tendency to have a negative secondary reaction to distress, measured by the Non-Acceptance scale of DERS, was strongly correlated with higher negative
beliefs about emotions, in particular, with the belief that emotions are irrational.
Means and standard deviations for the current level of
beliefs about emotions, difficulties in emotion - regulation, and emotion - regulation strategies of the sample.
The questionnaire comprised six dimensions, consisting of
beliefs about emotions presented in terms of response options: Overwhelming and Uncontrollable (9 items; α = 0.87); Shameful and Irrational (10 items; α = 0.91); Invalid and Meaningless (7 items; α = 0.42); Useless (8 items; α = 0.77); Damaging (5 items; α = 0.39); and Contagious (4 items; α = 0.08).
Beliefs about emotions may also reflect existing difficulties in ER, and it is probable that they constitute a maintenance factor.
In particular, appraisals touching on emotional experiences necessarily involve individuals»
beliefs about emotions — both negative and positive — and about their capability of responding to such emotions.
Consistently with the literature (Aldao et al., 2010; Wells, 2008; Clark & Beck, 2009), the aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between negative
beliefs about emotions and the adoption of maladaptive regulation strategies (i.e. rumination, suppression, emotional avoidance, and avoidant coping).
Generally, the current study represents a wider framework toward understanding the important role
beliefs about emotions play in the understanding of emotion dysregulation, as delineated by several theories, researches and clinical observations (Gross & Thompson, 2007; Werner & Gross, 2010).
We hypothesized that different ER strategies would be suited according to the type of emotion to be regulated, to
the beliefs about emotions, and consequently, to the goal pursued by the individual.
It is probable that some items of DERS measure
beliefs about emotions.
Beliefs about emotions (BAEQ scores) were negatively correlated with adaptive ERS (reappraisal, acceptance, and active problem solving), and positively correlated with maladaptive ERS (suppression - ERQ, rumination - SRRS, emotional avoidance - NAS and avoidant coping - COPE)(see Table 2 (a)-RRB-.
The present study was driven by recent findings about the relationship between
beliefs about emotions, behaviours associated with emotion dysregulation, and specific ER processes (Tamir et al., 2007; Manser et al., 2012; De Castella et al., 2013).
Specific
beliefs about emotions (Uncontrollable, Irrational, Damaging and Contagious - BAEQ scales) and difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS subscales) were positively correlated, except for the absence of correlation with BAEQ 3 and 4 (Invalid and Useless subscales)(see Table 2 (a)-RRB-.
Working with
beliefs about emotions is a fundamental part of cognitive and behavioural psychotherapies (Linehan, 1993; Wells, 2008; Clark & Beck, 2009; Leahy, 2015).
Moreover, in healthy subjects, authors found that specific
beliefs about emotions as being uncontrollable, dangerous and shameful, were related to BDP symptoms, dysregulation behaviours, and specific coping styles.
Accordingly to metacognitive theories, other authors have recently developed
the Belief About Emotions Questionnaire (BAEQ; Manser et al., 2012), designed to measure and evaluate seven types of beliefs about emotions: «overwhelming and uncontrollable»; «shameful»; «irrational»; «invalid and meaningless»; «useless»; «damaging»; and «contagious».
Kimberly M Livingstone, Vanessa L Castro, Derek M Isaacowitz; Age Differences in
Beliefs About Emotion Regulation Strategies, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B,, gby022, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby022
Also, we found that experiential avoidance mediated the association between
beliefs about emotion, rumination and emotional avoidance.
Not exact matches
The net result of this built - in human mental trait is that rather than letting our
beliefs about the world tell us how to feel, we tend to let our
emotions tell us what to believe.
Buffett contends that the key to overcoming
emotions is being able to retain your
belief in the real fundamentals of the business, and not get too concerned
about the stock market.
I've also started listening to NPR's Invisibilia
about the unseen or unconscious forces that shape us like our ideas, assumptions,
beliefs, and
emotions.
Invisibilia (Latin for all the invisible things) is
about the invisible forces that control human behavior - ideas,
beliefs, assumptions and
emotions.
Another suggestion is that theory of mind comes from our ability to use language, which allows children to listen to people talking
about their
beliefs and
emotions.
Like other types of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis focuses on
emotions and explicit
beliefs about the world.
How we cope depends on myriad factors spanning our resilience, support structures and
beliefs about the expression of
emotion — while some of us seem to ride the intensity of
emotion, others head off on Hollywood - style benders.
The
beliefs you hold
about yourself and the world,
emotions, memories and habits all influence mental and physical health.
You can find more information
about how to use affirmations effectively in the following link: Use affirmations along high vibrational frequency
emotions to upgrade non-beneficial
beliefs.
Those
emotions can lead to negative
beliefs about yourself, like «It was my fault» or «If I hadn't taken that one drink,» Nitschke says.
The whole questionnaire is composed by questions regarding the following aspects: general information, religion and
belief,
about me, personal description, characteristics,
emotions & feelings, important qualities, personal interests, special features & characteristics as well as your partner search.
Los Angeles, CA
About Blog As an expert in mind - body - spirit healing, Amy helps clients to balance, release, and clear energy in relationship to traumatic events, limiting
beliefs, subconscious blocks, and negative
emotions.
How she responds to a child in a novel situation will depend, in part, on her
beliefs about the cognitions,
emotions, and motivations of children.
Webb believes that fewer couples would break up or get divorced if they knew more
about their partner's thoughts,
beliefs and
emotions.
These marked group differences in the pattern of relationships between
emotion experience, eating disorder themes, and
belief systems suggest that it is not valid to draw conclusions
about eating disorders from research that employs only nonclinical samples.
In line with our results, we assume that
beliefs about specific
emotions may affect the choice and the maintenance of different ER strategies.
In light of such findings, it is hypothesized that
beliefs about the experience of unpleasant
emotions and the consequent attempts to control or avoid such
emotions may greatly influence both
emotion regulation processes and the maintenance of psychopathology (Hayes et al., 2006; Werner & Gross, 2010).
Various theories have generated specific hypotheses
about the
beliefs that people may have
about their
emotions and considered their clinical and theoretical relevance.
«Frank love reminds you that these complexities are illusions laden with human
emotion and long - held societal
beliefs about how romantic love «should» look.