Using an interdisciplinary approach that combined evidence from climate modelling of large 20th - century
eruptions, annual measurements of Nile summer flood heights from the Islamic Nilometer — the longest - known human record of environmental variability —
between 622 and 1902, as well as descriptions of Nile flood quality in
ancient papyri and inscriptions from the Ptolemaic era, the authors show how large
volcanic eruptions impacted on Nile river flow, reducing the height of the agriculturally - critical summer flood.
Once the team discovered the link
between volcanic eruptions and reduced Nile flooding, they turned their attention to more
ancient times — specifically, to the period from 305 B.C.E. to 30 B.C.E., when Greeks ruled a dynasty centered in Egypt.