4.1 The duration of poverty and child outcomes 4.1.1 Body Mass Index 4.1.2 Number of accidents / injuries 4.1.3 Child speech and language development 4.1.4 General development 4.1.5 Social, emotional and behavioural difficulties 4.1.6 Multiple outcomes 4.2 The association
between the duration of poverty and child outcomes
The most recent follow - up study reported associations
between duration of breastfeeding and childhood cognitive ability and academic achievement extending from 8 to 18 years in a New Zealand cohort of 1000 children.19 This study found that these effects were significant after controlling for measures of social and family history, including maternal age, education, SES, marital status, smoking during pregnancy, family living conditions, and family income, and measures of perinatal factors, including gender, birth weight, child's estimated gestational age, and birth order in the family.
In general, the pattern of results was consistent for men and women, but the association
between the duration of post sex affection and relationship satisfaction was stronger for women than for men (Study 1) and women, but not men, felt more sexually satisfied when their partner reported higher quality post sex affection (Study 2).
The research into these 207 people found a correlation
between duration of symptoms associated with WAD and crash severity, measured by mean acceleration and change in velocity.
This stratification enabled us to evaluate the dose - response relationship
between duration of gonadal exposure and bone sarcoma risk within the study cohort.
Multiple studies have examined longitudinal relations
between duration of poverty exposure since birth, cumulative risk exposure, and cognitive performance.
The study revealed a significant association
between duration of breastfeeding and reduced risk of diabetes, even after all other possible risk factors were accounted for.
Three publications were excluded: one study examined only the association
between duration of breastfeeding and fasting plasma lipids at 17 y of age, and there was no formula - fed group for comparison (21); one examined the effect of nutritional supplementation in pregnant mothers, infants, and children on serum lipids in later life (18); and one was a review (22).
Therefore, we performed a meta - analysis of the relation
between the duration of breastfeeding and the risk of overweight.
Weighted meta - regression revealed a significant inverse linear relation
between the duration of breastfeeding and the risk of overweight (regression coefficient = 0.94, 95 % confidence interval: 0.89, 0.98).
In this study of a population of relatively high socioeconomic status, we found a positive association
between duration of breast feeding and mental development, even after adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, maternal intelligence (Raven score), and smoking at the time of conception.
The authors found a significant inverse association
between duration of lactation and breast cancer risk.
The study looked at correlations
between duration of breastfeeding and conduct disorders, which were assessed by both the children's teachers and their mothers.
We found no clear association
between duration of breast feeding and motor development at 13 months or 5 years of age.
There was a borderline statistically significant difference in balance scores associated with different lengths of breast feeding, whereas no association was found
between duration of breast feeding and the two other motor development tests.
Aim: To examine the relation
between the duration of breast feeding and morbidity as a result of respiratory illness and infection in the first year of life.
Associations
Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Measures of Cognitive Ability, Teacher Ratings of School Performance, Standardized Tests of Achievement, and High School Success
Associations
Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Measures of Cognitive Ability, Teacher Ratings of School Performance, Standardized Tests of Achievement, and High School Success After Adjustment for Covariates
One study that dealt specifically with babies nursed longer than a year showed a significant link
between the duration of nursing and mothers» and teachers» ratings of social adjustment in 6 - 8 year old children.
The association
between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence.
In particular, there were significant adjusted associations
between duration of exclusive breastfeeding and high school outcomes measured at age 18.
Conclusions: Although duration of breastfeeding was not associated with differences in infant - mother attachment classifications, we found subtle positive associations
between duration of breastfeeding and sensitive responsiveness, attachment security, and disorganization.
Second, the associations
between duration of breastfeeding and upper and lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in infants aged 6 and 12 months were analyzed by using multiple logistic regression analysis.
Third, to examine whether the effects of the duration of breastfeeding were a result of exclusive breastfeeding, the associations
between duration of exclusive breastfeeding and upper and lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections were examined.
In fact, a recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Association
Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Adult Intelligence, showed an over 6 point increase in IQ between babies that breastfed for less than a month and those that breastfed for at least 7 to 9 months.
According to Kellymom.com, «studies have found a significant inverse association
between duration of lactation and breast cancer.»
Not exact matches
This included nearly 32,000 people for the
duration of the study
between July and August this summer.
Ecologist and fire scientist Matt Jolly and his colleagues say the average
duration of annual wildfire seasons lengthened almost 20 percent
between 1979 and 2013, and the amount
of land vulnerable to burning almost doubled.
The objective
of this study is to determine whether there was a statistically significant change
between the number
of mini flash crashes during the three - minute window before the start
of the October 2014 U.S. Treasury Bond Flash Crash compared to other windows
of the same
duration.
Generally, the higher the
duration, the more the price
of the bond (or the value
of the portfolio) will fall as rates rise because
of the inverse relationship
between bond yield and price.
Under normal market conditions, the
duration of the Fund's portfolio is expected to range
between 1 year and 15 years.
High yield (HY) spreads — the difference
between the yield
of a high yield bond and a Treasury note
of similar
duration — are down 2 percentage points from their February peak, as investors buy high yield bonds.
But you still get a good sense
of the risk differential
between bond
duration and maturities when looking at this losses: *
While all four countries have different
durations between 5.24 and 6.47, the U.S. has the shortest
duration of them all, with the lowest risk profile and the highest yield.
The current recovery to date has been
of intermediate pace
between the recoveries
of the past two decades, and it has some way to run before exceeding the
duration of those earlier recoveries (Box 1).
Add a protracted tumble in stocks, rising interest rates — especially a growing spread
between the interbank rate and the comparable -
duration Treasury — and you have a picture
of an economy stumbling once again.
Acquire the monthly total credit premium
of each corporate bond as the difference in total (coupon - reinvested) returns
between the bond and a
duration - matched U.S. Treasury instrument.
These include: limiting loans to those with a debt - to - income ratio, excluding mortgage,
of 35 percent or less, down from 40 percent; and raising interest rates on loans by
between 0.39 percentage point and 1.17 percentage points, depending on the type
of borrower and the
duration of the loan.
For Greek thinking in its Platonic formulation there exists
between time and eternity a qualitative difference, which is not completely expressed by speaking
of a distinction
between limited and unlimited
duration of time.
Since any two temporal fragments
of a nexus can be separated by many
durations, the temporal hiatus
between two fragments
of a nexus could be measured by the time spanned by intermediate
durations.
A fair number
of Whitehead scholars have noticed the resonance (pun intended)
between Bergson's theory»
of duration and Whitehead's theory»
of events, and have (rightly.)
Gunter sees the account
of rhythmic
durations as a kind
of «rapprochement»
between quality and quantity and
between mind and matter.
In Whitehead's early view
of simultaneity, this property expressed a certain real togetherness or objective becoming
between events which occur in the same
duration.
On this interpretation then, the temporal span
of divine occasion A might be 1/495
of a second, i.e., that span
between the satisfaction
of an actual entity with a
duration of 4/45
of a second and the satisfaction
of one with a
duration of 1/11 (see above, p. 204) while occasion B would have a longer temporal span, 1/231
of a second, given the difference
between the satisfactions
of actual entities with spans
of 1/11 and 2/21
of a second.
Since
durations have no specific temporal thickness, but vary with the particular
duration of the perceiver's specious present (CN 59, 69), simultaneity can not have to do with the relations
between events as they are extended temporally, but spatially.
Similarly, if the distinction
between mind and matter is a function
of breadth and brevity; the differences
between lengths
of rhythmic
durations are so great that a qualitative difference
of kind is exhibited.
Becoming is associated with the subjective processes
of concrescence (PR 25 / 38, 35 / 53, 283 / 434, and others), while the relationship which obtains
between occasions in
durations is an extensional concept
of simultaneity.
If one opts for varying
durations instead, one must account for the coordination
of motion within and
between societies.
CC: I think in a full - bodied system one would want both a relation
of overlap or extending over and probably also a relation
of resonance or recapitulation
between durations which did not extend over each other.
The connection
between freedom and time (and
between them and selfhood or personal identity) appears clearly in Sartre's insistence that the good novel present a self shaping an open future, not a puppet ruled by the past whose end is contained in his beginning: «But in order for the
duration of my impatience and ignorance to be caught and then moulded and finally presented to me as the flesh
of these creatures
of invention, the novelist must know how to draw it into the trap, how to hollow out in his book, by means
of signs at his disposal, a time resembling my own, one in which the future does not exist.