Sentences with phrase «between ice particles»
About 38 % of its mass5 is frozen water — but this ice is extremely fluffy, with much empty space between ice particles.
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The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.
The best explanation is that collisions between small ice particles and heavier gobs of slush called graupel tend to transfer electrical charge, but the role of this process in real clouds is not proven.
They had assumed that atmospheric water vapor had seeped into high - latitude martian soil and frozen between soil particles, forming a half - ice, half - soil mixture.
In particular, none of the hypotheses about their origin explain why individual ring particles, which range in size from hailstones to small boulders, average between 90 % and 95 % ice.
Occasional collisions between neutrinos and ice create a particle called a muon that gives off a slight blue light.
For example, the instrument was part of a massive field campaign in northern Alaska aimed to improve our understanding of the relationship between particle size and composition and their ability to form warm and ice clouds.
«We're trying to understand what the connection is between a cosmic ray going through the atmosphere and the creation of so - called aerosol seeds — the seed for a cloud droplet or an ice particle,» Kirkby explains.
The 12 - and 11 - µm ΔBT helps to distinguish between high, thick clouds and high, thin clouds by delineating cloud phase (ice or liquid water) and cloud particle size (small or large).
Using liquid and ice microphysics models reduces the biases in cloud optical thicknesses to ≲ 10 %, except in cases of mistaken phase identification; most of the remaining bias is caused by differences between actual cloud particle sizes and the values assumed in the analysis.