Sentences with phrase «between mammals»

Just when you think you have it all worked out — the difference between mammals and publishers — you look up or down or somewhere and find a big surprise.

A willingness to draw parallels between mammals and insects is raising significant ethical questions about how we ought to treat them.

These laboratory strains could be passed between mammals more easily than wild strains of the virus.

The evolution of this cooperation between mammals is usually prevented because of competition for a single prey.

For young viewers however, the greatest concern may be when the fur flies between the mammals and the humans.

An organ as basic as the kidney does not appear to vary much between mammals.

Today, Nature published a controversial study in ferrets that shows how scientists can engineer an avian influenza strain to transmit between mammals through respiratory droplets such as those created by coughing or sneezing.

H5N1 bird flu is lethal, but can not usually spread between mammals by air.

One focus will be figuring out exactly which mutations enable the H5N1 virus to move between mammals through the air or in respiratory droplets.

The move essentially ends the H5N1 controversy, which began in late 2011 when two research teams showed how to reengineer the virus, which normally infects birds, so that it could move between mammals.

Avian flu can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host.

Thus, avian A / H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.

The relative ease of making H5N1 transmissible between mammals in the lab should now prompt the world to address these glaring inadequacies in surveillance, says Jeremy Farrar, director of the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The authors state that there is no coherent answer if immunity is viewed as merely another physiological system within the body but, when considered against the background of millions of years of co-evolution between mammals and microorganisms, the «inflammatory bias», reflected in the association between immune activation and depression, makes sense as an evolutionary adaptive mechanism and also provides insight into another question concerning «alleles».

As evidence for a long and evolving relationship between mammals and gut microbes, scientists previously identified sugars in breast milk that commensal bacteria can derive energy from, but which are indigestible to the infant.

Researchers pin down a pathway coming between mammals and the ability to regenerate tissue salamander - style.

However, Ophiacodon appears a very short time after the division between mammals and reptiles.

«On the other hand,» explains Clauss, «the discovery reveals that there's a fundamental difference in morphological principles between mammals and other tetrapods.»

Some natural influenza viruses need only three amino acid substitutions to acquire airborne transmissibility between mammals.

From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A / H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals.

«These are the vital distinctions between mammals and nonmammalian vertebrates, but it has been a challenge for scientists to trace the origins of these features in the fossil record,» says Zhe - Xi Luo, a vertebrate paleontologist at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Based on the results, the authors say, hair - keratin genes likely evolved before the split between mammals and reptiles.

In addition, we also measured how gene in DNA gain and loss hotspots associate with gene regulatory blocks (GRBs), genomic regions preserved between mammals and birds that are enriched for highly conserved elements [72].

On the other side, the loss of differences between mammal species in the extinction might indicate that animals with restricted diets died out while the generalists survived to uphold the mammalian legacy.

The studies describe how researchers made the deadly H5N1 avian influenza more transmissible between mammals — possibly providing a blueprint on how to set off a flu pandemic.

In the heated debate about two labs that engineered a variant of the deadly H5N1 avian flu virus that for the first time easily transmits between mammals, one critical voice has been missing: Yoshihiro Kawaoka.

The main benefit of the research, says WHO in a statement sent to ScienceInsider, is the knowledge that the virus is potentially capable of spreading between mammals and therefore «must continue to be regarded as a high priority risk for pandemic flu.

When the researchers applied a human form of Ctgf protein to lesions in zebrafish, they observed similar recovery of spinal cord function, hinting that other factors within zebrafish spinal tissue may explain the healing differences between mammals and zebrafish.

Given these parallels between mammals and insects, we expect our findings in Drosophila to provide a framework for understanding the inter-organ communication that allows nutrient sensing organs to coordinate insulin secretion with the nutritional environment in a broad range of animals.

Study the difference between mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians, and birds with these real animal X-rays!

Past studies have identified four key genetic mutations needed for the virus to become transmissible between mammals.

After weeks of debate, two controversial papers describing forms of the H5N1 avian influenza virus capable of transmitting between mammals should be published in full.

Research describing two mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza that spread between mammals is likely to be published in its entirety.

The debate continues about two papers that resulted in H5N1 influenza strains that are more easily transmissible between mammals and may have the potential to trigger a pandemic.

At the request of the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, Science and Nature have agreed to strike key details from papers in press describing how researchers made the deadly H5N1 avian influenza virus more transmissible between mammals.

The call for the moratorium and summit follows months of rising tension over two studies that describe how researchers made the deadly H5N1 avian influenza more transmissible between mammals — possibly providing a blueprint on how to set off a flu pandemic.

White House science adviser John Holdren has replied to questions asked last month by Representative Jim Sensenbrenner (R - WI) about how the Obama Adminstration has handled the controversy surrounding two studies that showed how to make the H5N1 avian influenza virus transmissible between mammals.

Both studies show H5N1 can evolve to spread between mammals.

A key difference between mammals and zebrafish is the response to cardiac trauma.

«The experiments reported by Fouchier and Kawaoka that describe influenza mutants of the H5N1 bird flu strain that can transmit between mammals have important implications for many researchers, both in academia and in government - funded research institutes and bodies.