Sentences with phrase «between ocean surface»

Further, the equilibrium pCO2 between ocean surface and atmosphere shifts with 8 μatm / K that is all.

You need to make a differentiation between the ocean surface layer and the deep oceans.

This is because ultimately it is the temperature differences between the ocean surface and the upper atmosphere that causes the amount of water vapour that ends up producing the heat energy in the upper atmosphere that in turn causes the instability.

The difference is in timing: the equilibrium between ocean surface and atmosphere is reached in 1 - 3 years half life time, but the deep oceans - atmosphere exchanges are limited in flux and need much longer periods to reach equilibrium (half life time ~ 40 years).

These two mechanisms are so strongly dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean surface ant the atmosphere that the net influence on the skin temperature and on the net heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere is negligible.

Wind shear is the difference in wind speed and direction between the ocean surface and the mid-to-upper atmosphere.

The process of such evaporation and then condensation together with those other weather processes is an express route to get heat energy from ocean to surface to atmosphere to space and the bigger the temperature differential between ocean surface, atmosphere and space the faster they must all work to move the atmosphere back towards a temperature equilibrium.

It seems obvious to me that one has also increased the temperature differential between ocean surface and the atmosphere.

Is it the difference in temperature between the ocean surface and the atmosphere, or the absolute temperature of the ocean surface that encourages hurricane formation?

It is the temperature difference between the ocean surface and that of the upper level outflow that is crucial.

Not exact matches

Like the colossal squid, the Antarctic toothfish is a predator that usually lives in eternal darkness, somewhere between 1 and 2 kilometres below the ocean surface.

The Tibetan Plateau in China experiences the strongest monsoon system on Earth, with powerful winds — and accompanying intense rains in the summer months — caused by a complex system of global air circulation patterns and differences in surface temperatures between land and oceans.

Today, depending on the area, typical surface ocean waters consist of between 5.4 and 8 milliliters of dissolved oxygen for every liter of seawater.

Some slushy ice may have oozed to the surface in Ganymede's past if the ocean was closer to the surface, Stevenson notes, creating smoother lanes of ice between crumpled fragments of the crust.

Millions of metric tons reach the oceans, yet researchers are finding between 6,350 and 245,000 metric tons floating on the surface — a mere fraction of the total.

Kadri says the results may help scientists connect interactions between not only surface and deep ocean waters, but also with the atmospheric forces that affect surface waves.

Let's say your wind speed is strong, and the wind direction is opposite between the upper levels and the [ocean's] surface — then you get a strong shearing environment.

The die - off is due to a combination of rising sea surface temperatures and decreased ocean circulation between the higher and lower layers, Boyce says.

Based on the unique fish fauna observed from a manned submersible on a southern Caribbean reef system in Curaçao, Smithsonian explorers defined a new ocean - life zone, the rariphotic, between 130 and 309 meters (about 400 to 1,000 feet) below the surface.

The U.S. Navy plans to deploy a prototype device that extracts energy from the temperature difference between surface and deep - ocean water.

But behind such atmospheric phenomena are billions of tiny interactions between the air and microscopic drops of saltwater cast upward as bubbles on the ocean's surface burst.

The high October temperature was driven by warmth across the globe over both the land and ocean surfaces and was fairly evenly distributed between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

With between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tons going in, researchers like Law are only finding between 6,350 and 245,000 metric tons floating on the ocean's surface.

If it turns out to be common, it might mean that the moon could be cycling life - friendly compounds between the surface and the deep, and that substantially increases the chance that its ocean is habitable, says Michael Bland, a planetary scientist at the US Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion A technology using the temperature difference between cold, deep ocean waters and warmer surface waters to generate electriOcean Thermal Energy Conversion A technology using the temperature difference between cold, deep ocean waters and warmer surface waters to generate electriocean waters and warmer surface waters to generate electricity.

«Because the ocean is in contact with the atmosphere, there's heat exchange between the atmosphere and the surface ocean,» he said.

The project, called Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO), uses observational data — including ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December Ocean (ECCO), uses observational data — including ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December 2007.

The albedo of fresh snow is typically between 80 and 90 percent whereas the albedo of the ocean surface is less than 20 percent.

Oceanographers commonly calculate large scale surface ocean circulation from satellite sea level information using a concept called «geostrophy,» which describes the relationship between oceanic surface flows and sea level gradient.

In fact, the current research project is based, in part, on the experience of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster, during which more than 400 controlled burns removed between 220,000 and 310,000 barrels of oil from the ocean's surface.

Yet scientists lacked any model that might explain the formation of those cracks and domes, or any solid ideas about a potential chemical exchange between surface and ocean that could sustain life.

The effects of wind changes, which were found to potentially increase temperatures in the Southern Ocean between 660 feet and 2,300 feet below the surface by 2 °C, or nearly 3.6 °F, are over and above the ocean warming that's being caused by the heat - trapping effects of greenhouse gOcean between 660 feet and 2,300 feet below the surface by 2 °C, or nearly 3.6 °F, are over and above the ocean warming that's being caused by the heat - trapping effects of greenhouse gocean warming that's being caused by the heat - trapping effects of greenhouse gases.

«What's often missing is all that's between the surface of the ocean and the ocean bottom,» says Dawn Wright, chief scientist of Esri, a geographic information - systems company in Redlands, California, that helped to develop the 3D map.

But in many instances, the simulations show, even planets starting with rocky cores as little as 1.5 Earth's mass may trap and hold atmospheres containing between 100 and 1000 times the amount of hydrogen found in the water in Earth's oceans — thick, dense envelopes exerting pressures so hellish that life on the planets» surfaces might be almost impossible.

Imagine that you are floating thousands of kilometres below the surface of a vast ocean that is neither liquid nor gas, but somewhere in between.

«Not only does this discovery make it one of the most geologically interesting bodies in the solar system, it also implies two - way communication between the exterior and interior — a way to move material from the surface into the ocean — a process which has significant implications for Europa's potential as a habitable world.»

Expanding sea ice would have melted into the North Atlantic Ocean, interfering with the normal mixing between surface and deeper waters.

The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, spanning the uppermost ~ 1 mm of the ocean.

When comparing between four size classes, two microplastic < 4.75 mm and meso - and macroplastic > 4.75 mm, a tremendous loss of microplastics is observed from the sea surface compared to expected rates of fragmentation, suggesting there are mechanisms at play that remove < 4.75 mm plastic particles from the ocean surface.

The sound blasts reflected from the boundaries between rock layers a few miles beneath the ocean floor were picked up by an five - mile - long «streamer,» or hose containing many hydrophones, towed just beneath the surface behind the ship.

Such areas on the surface would provide another ideal way to learn more about Europa's subsurface water, if indeed there is a connection between them and the ocean.

Climate models are mathematical representations of the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice — and the sun.

Naturally occurring interannual and multidecadal shifts in regional ocean regimes such as the Pacific El Niño - Southern Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, for example, are bimodal oscillations that cycle between phases of warmer and cooler sea surface temperatures.

Figure 3 (d) shows the correlation between ocean & surface air temperatures in the control (natural) simulations only.

Because land surfaces generally have low heat capacity relative to oceans, temperature anomalies can vary greatly between months.

Then, last year, after analyzing crust samples collected from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, scientists estimated that our planet had, sometime between 2.6 million and 1.5 million years ago, been buffeted by supernovae shock waves — ones that left their mark not only on Earth's surface but also affected its atmosphere.

A: Climate models are mathematical representations of the interactions between the various aspects of the climate system including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice, and the Sun.

A connection between meteorological events that occur a long distance apart, such as sea - surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean affecting winter temperatures in Montana.

The Center for Ocean Solutions writes: «Between 1951 and 1993 zooplankton biomass off Southern California decreased by 80 % as a result of warming surface waters.»

The most plausible source of this hydrogen is hydrothermal reactions between hot rocks and water in the ocean beneath the moon's icy surface.