Take some time to experiment with various margin sizes to find the right balance
between the readability and fitting everything in.
In our sample, however, the correlation
between readability and the number of cases in which an attorney had appeared was essentially nonexistent -LRB-.04).116
Two found a statistically significant association
between readability and favorable outcomes; the third did not.17 Those studies, however, analyzed brief writing in the appellate courts, where the factual record has been fully developed and the legal issues have been vetted below.
Looking at the prevailing parties» briefs, we first see that there is a clear difference in the federal court sample
between the readability of prevailing and non-prevailing parties» briefs.
This Article explores the association
between readability and favorable outcomes on summary judgment motions.
Finally, this section surveys the existing research on the correlation
between readability and case outcomes.
A. Cognitive Theory and Readability B. Quantitative Measures of Readability C. Prior Research on Correlation
Between Readability and Case Outcome
So far, only three published studies have analyzed the association between brief readability and case outcome, 50 and no studies have analyzed that association in the trial courts, where most lawyers practice.51 Long and Christensen sampled 882 appellate briefs from the Supreme Court, federal appellate courts, and state supreme courts.52 Their dependent variable was the outcome of the appeal (affirmed or reversed), while their independent variable was readability measured by the Flesch Reading Ease score as calculated by Microsoft Word.53 For federal appellate and state supreme court briefs, the researchers coded control variables for federal or state court, standard of review, presence of a dissenting opinion, and readability of the opinion deciding the appeal.54 For United States Supreme Court briefs, the researchers coded control variables for constitutional issue, criminal or civil case, presence of a dissenting opinion, and opinion readability.55 They found no statistically significant correlation
between readability and outcome in the briefs in their study.56
Those measures, however, rely entirely on two structural features — syllables per word and words per sentence.48 As we describe below, we have adopted a comprehensive approach to measuring readability by taking fifty different readability measures and then using factor analysis to create an index based on the most reliable set of measures.49 The next section discusses the few prior studies of the relationship
between readability and case outcome.
Long and Christensen found no statistically significant correlation
between readability and outcome in the briefs in their study.129 For federal appellate court briefs and state supreme court briefs, the only variable with a statistically significant correlation to reversal was jurisdiction, which is not surprising because state cases have higher reversal rates than federal cases.
Although this study found no significant correlation
between readability and outcome, that could reflect lower caseloads and greater law clerk support for appellate judges in comparison to trial judges.
In another correlational study, Lance Long and William Christenson studied the relationship
between readability and outcome in appellate briefs.126 They sampled 882 appellate briefs from the Supreme Court, federal appellate courts, and state supreme courts.
I have always thought 8 - inch readers were a good compromise
between readability and portability, and now the Onyx Boox i86 gets some competiton.
Not exact matches
Recommendations for improving the efficacy of the intervention are discussed, including efforts to improve the match
between reader ability and the
readability of texts and the instructional goals of the family literacy events.
The differences in display brightness and reflectance
between models results in large differences in their screen
readability, visibility and picture quality, especially under brighter ambient lighting.
Also, the all - important first chapter can benefit from feedback on plot, structure,
readability, whether the characters are interesting, and whether the reader might be likely to keep reading One issue I have found, though, is the difference
between American and British English, which can hinder editing at first, but I believe this difficulty can be overcome (I'm Australian).
In this post, I take a look at the
readability trade - offs
between using PDFs and «real ebooks» -LRB-.
It's a nice balance
between it fitting nicely in your hands and
readability of the text size.
Leading, the space located
between each line of text is crucial for maximum
readability.
Also, the articles have been placed with enough space in
between to allow better
readability.
For such textbooks, the comparison of
readability for 6 ″ e-readers versus 9.7 ″ e-readers is like that
between night and day.
So far as resolution goes, however, we're of the opinion this resolution works well at this size — it's a reasonable compromise
between usable space,
readability and sharpness.
New version also includes
readability enhancements like larger font for large screens (like Kindle Fire) and better contrast
between background and text.
Make decisions for maximum
readability by aiming to keep your lines of text
between 45 - 60 characters (or 8 - 12 words per line) and using correct paragraph spacing.
This tech is built into the W4 to remove air
between the touch panel and the LCD module to help reduce reflection and boost
readability in sunlight.
The background color on the Mini is a little lighter, with a subtle yellowish tinge, but
readability between the two is the same.
Like all the best apps for manga on the iPad, DMP's runs smoothly and intuitively, flipping from page to page with no visual delay, and adjusting nicely
between single and dual page views, with no reduction in
readability.
Apparentl, from a
readability perspective, the spacing should be somewhere
between 120 % and 140 % of the height...
Finally, our results set the stage for future qualitative studies exploring how
readability differentials manifest themselves in opposing briefs, whether readers are conscious of
readability differentials
between opposing briefs, and how
readability differentials factor into the decision - making process.
However, neither of our multivariate analyses showed a statistically significant correlation
between likelihood of success and the moving party's total number of case appearances, size of law firm, or size of law office.114 Thus, to the extent that these measures of experience or firm size are proxies for lawyer skill, our multivariate analyses cast doubt on the theory that
readability is merely a proxy for lawyer skill.115
This Article is one of the first to use lawyers» written work to measure the statistical relationship
between brief
readability and case outcomes.1 It is the only article to do so at the trial court level, where the vast majority of lawyers practice.
108 The difference
between the mean
readability levels for moving and non-moving parties are more pronounced at the federal than the state level.
& Process 145, 145 - 47 (2011)[hereinafter Long & Christensen, Winning an Appeal](finding no statistically significant relationship
between appellate brief
readability and success on appeal); Lance N. Long & William F. Christensen, Clearly, Using Intensifiers Is Very Bad — Or Is It?
Finding a positive association
between brief
readability and case outcome would be important for three reasons.
First, we saw a statistically significant correlation
between brief
readability and the likelihood of success on a summary judgment motion.
After controlling for attorney experience, law firm size, and the lawyer's status as a repeat player before the motion judge, this Article finds a statistically significant relationship
between brief
readability and the outcome of summary judgment motions.
In our model, we compare the predicted probabilities of a moving party's success based on the magnitude of difference
between the moving and non-moving party's
readability scores.
According to Apple iOS 11, coming in September or October, introduces powerful new features for iPad, including: — a new customisable Dock that provides quick access to frequently used apps and documents from any screen; — improved multitasking, including a redesigned app switcher that brings Spaces to iOS, making it easier to move
between apps or pairs of active apps, used in Split View and now Slide Over; — the new Files app that keeps everything in one place, whether files are stored locally, in iCloud Drive or across other providers like Box, Dropbox and more; — Multi-Touch Drag and Drop, which is available across the system to move text, photos and files from one app to another, anywhere on the screen; — a new document scanner in Notes, which lets users easily scan single or multi-page documents, removes shadows and uses powerful image filters to enhance
readability; and — deeper integration with Apple Pencil, with support for inline drawing to write along text in Notes and Mail, Instant Markup to easily sign documents, annotate PDFs or draw on screenshots, and a new Instant Notes feature, which opens Notes from the Lock Screen by simply tapping Apple Pencil on the display.
The 10.1 inch screen offers a nice balance
between weight and
readability.
Leave space
between paragraphs and add a one - inch margin at each side for maximum
readability.
When it comes to white space in your resume, ultimately you're looking for a happy medium
between length and
readability.
Another way to improve
readability is to include spaces
between the greeting, paragraphs, and your signature.
When you are selecting a font for your resume, the font size should be
between 10 and 12 to allow for
readability.
Adding a line of extra blank space
between critical elements not only boosts
readability, but it also allows the reader's eye to easily navigate sections.
Although we acknowledge the differences
between racial and ethnic minority groups, for better
readability we use the term immigrant ethnic minority youth throughout this paper.
The
readability of the ESWLS was estimated to be
between the seventh and tenth grade levels.
The Bureau revised: The Assumption disclosures under § § 1026.37 (m) and 1026.38 (l) so that the language
between the two disclosures would match; the reference language in the Loan Terms table under § § 1026.37 (b) and 1026.38 (b) so that the reference to the estimated total payment monthly payment used the same term as in the Projected Payments table under § § 1026.37 (c) and 1026.38 (c), and to put the language in sentence case to increase
readability; the checkboxes in the Escrow Account disclosure on the Closing Disclosure under § 1026.38 (l)(7) to delete the «require or» from the second checkbox; change the «Agent» label on page 1 of the Closing Disclosure under § 1026.38 (a) to «Settlement Agent» to match the Contact Information table under § 1026.38 (r); removed the word «Borrower» from the «Borrower's Loan Amount» label under § 1026.38 (j) to match the term used in the Loan Terms table under § § 1026.37 (b) and 1026.38 (b); and changed the labels of the row headings in the Escrow Account disclosure on page 4 of the Closing Disclosure under § 1026.38 (l)(7) to include the word «escrow.»