Sentences with phrase «between stratospheric»

There is certainly a strong relationship between stratospheric temperature in the Arctic and sea surface temperature in the tropics of the southern hemisphere so I imagine it works the other way too.

Recent numerical simulations suggest the coupling between the stratospheric and tropospheric circulations has practical applications for weather forecasting and also implications for tropospheric climate change (see text on Climate Change, below).

It also proves that there is no climatic difference between stratospheric and tropospheric SO2 aerosols.

In the Northern Hemisphere, where the ozone depletion is smaller, there is no strong link between stratospheric ozone depletion and tropospheric climate.

These revealed a surprising link between stratospheric winds and ocean currents as deep as 2 kilometers beneath the waves.

Not exact matches

Today's conversation was between Joe Lewis and Daniel Levy: Lewis: I heard Zinedine Zidane is tired of the situation at Real Madrid, and we could sign him as our coach because of our unique strategic stratospheric partnership with Real Madrid.

There is also growing understanding of the links between atmospheric problems such as local air pollution, acid rain, global climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion.

The Fiscal Policy Institute issued a report today on the widening gap between New York's rich and poor, pointing out fun facts like: «Wall Street, with its stratospheric profits and bonuses, sits within 15 miles of the Bronx — the nation's poorest county.»

Among the beneficiaries would be scientists involved with the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint mission between NASA and Germany's space agency.

«For a period of several weeks, wide areas of the Arctic were covered by polar stratospheric clouds between about 14 and 26 kilometers height.

Besides its atmospheric chemistry, Perlan 2 will carry instruments to study turbulence in stratospheric mountain waves, and to explore the microphysics of interactions between mountain waves and polar meteorology, which ultimately affect weather variability.

However, other projects, like the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy — «an airplane observatory developed through a partnership between NASA and the German Aerospace Center» — would likely be put on ice.

The Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE), a 2010 - 2015 collaboration between the Universities of Bristol, Cambridge, Oxford and Edinburgh, considered some more exotic SRM machines.

large areas of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)-- clouds in the ozone layer - were present over the Arctic region at altitudes between 14 and 26 km.

Gamers might not have been asking for such a stratospheric shift in perspective and gameplay as we had seen during the jump between the series» first and second titles, but were we right to demand something more than just Fallout 3 on steroids?

Channel TLT uses a weighted average between the near - limb and nadir views to extrapolate the data to lower altitude, thus removing almost all of the stratospheric influence.

In this regard it's important to consider the difference between Crowley et al (2000), who use an energy balance model with a sensitivity of 2.0 to get something like the MBH99 reconstruction, and the ECHO - G climate model, which has a sensitivity of 3.5 and reasonable stratospheric component and gives somthing like Moberg.

large areas of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)-- clouds in the ozone layer - were present over the Arctic region at altitudes between 14 and 26 km.

The instantaneous RF difference between the tropopause and TOA is the instantaneous forcing on the stratosphere RFs1; if the TOA forcing is smaller than the tropopause forcing, then the forcing on the stratosphere is negative, which means that the stratosphere will cool (this doesn't necessarily mean it will cool everywhere, but the equilibrium response to negative stratospheric RF requires a negative PR+CR response — being the stratosphere, at least in the global time average, CR can be approximated as zero).

When we consider that the average Ozone change between 1950 and 2000 in was approximately 280 Dobson units we have another contributor to the reduction in the Stratospheric temperatures that are missing from your strawman.

Thus, if the CO2 band center is sufficiently close to saturation at TRPP, the forcing per doubling will be smaller at TOA, implying some cooling of the space in between (equal to the difference in forcing between TRPP and TOA; the climatic response will, via cooling, reduce the fluxes out of the stratosphere by the same amount; some fraction of this can go into the troposphere, and since it is a reduced downward flux, it cancels out some of the initial TRPP forcing, resulting in a smaller TRPP forcing (the forcing with stratospheric adjustment) that the surface + troposphere must respond to.

Warming must occur below the tropopause to increase the net LW flux out of the tropopause to balance the tropopause - level forcing; there is some feedback at that point as the stratosphere is «forced» by the fraction of that increase which it absorbs, and a fraction of that is transfered back to the tropopause level — for an optically thick stratosphere that could be significant, but I think it may be minor for the Earth as it is (while CO2 optical thickness of the stratosphere alone is large near the center of the band, most of the wavelengths in which the stratosphere is not transparent have a more moderate optical thickness on the order of 1 (mainly from stratospheric water vapor; stratospheric ozone makes a contribution over a narrow wavelength band, reaching somewhat larger optical thickness than stratospheric water vapor)(in the limit of an optically thin stratosphere at most wavelengths where the stratosphere is not transparent, changes in the net flux out of the stratosphere caused by stratospheric warming or cooling will tend to be evenly split between upward at TOA and downward at the tropopause; with greater optically thickness over a larger fraction of optically - significant wavelengths, the distribution of warming or cooling within the stratosphere will affect how such a change is distributed, and it would even be possible for stratospheric adjustment to have opposite effects on the downward flux at the tropopause and the upward flux at TOA).

(CO2 band is near the peak wavelength, water vapor bands significant in stratosphere for wavelengths longer than ~ 25 microns and between ~ 5.5 and 7 microns, and ozone between ~ 9.5 and 10 microns, and CH4 and N2O between ~ 7.5 and 8 microns — Hartmann p. 44 and 48, rough est. from graphs; signficant stratospheric transparency remains in several of those bands except near the peak of the CO2 band, but especially water vapor from 25 to 50 microns.)

were he alive today, 200 years after formulating his terrifyingly accurate insight into the relationship between populations and resources, malthus would both chuckle at the stratospheric advances of industrial civilization, and weep that nothing at all has occurred to change his essential understanding of the human condition.

SA13A - 2269: Relationship between lunar tidal enhancements in the equatorial electrojet and tropospheric eddy heat flux during stratospheric sudden warmings

Whilst flowing across the area between the two columns that cold air does not warm up by compression despite falling in height because it remains in contact with stratospheric air with which it can freely exchange energy by conduction and mixing.

But scientists have now found that stratospheric ozone is probably not recovering at lower latitudes, between 60 ⁰ N and 60 ⁰ S (London lies at 51 ⁰ N), because of unexpected decreases in ozone in the lower part of the stratosphere.

What might give rise to the discrepancies between observed and simulated global - mean stratospheric temperatures highlighted here?

Between about 35 and 45 km (channel 2), the Met Office version of the SSU data suggests that the models overestimat the observed stratospheric cooling, whereas the NOAA SSU data suggest that the models underestimate it.

In the current study in Environmental Research Letters, the scientists point to a range of processes driving the connection between Arctic stratospheric ozone and El Niño.

Last year, Li and colleagues reported a connection between Arctic stratospheric ozone and the ENSO, hinting that Arctic stratospheric ozone could serve as a predictor.

The result suggests a key stepping stone in the known connection between Arctic stratospheric ozone and the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and so could help to predict the ENSO, the researchers say.

Future emails will include: the difference between contrails / vapour trails and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection observations on covert atmospheric spraying (their tactics have changed in the last few weeks — this has been noticed globally) who is controlling the spraying — who are «they» much of the northern hemisphere is burning — California, Canada, Siberia (2,000 mile smoke clouds), Sweden etc..

For instance, it is known that North Pacific SST variations lead the ENSO by about 12 months; even combined with the one month lag - time between Arctic stratospheric ozone variations and North Pacific SST variations, this can not explain the 20 - month lead time of ASO to ENSO.

Possible correlations between solar ultraviolet variability and climate change have previously been explained in terms of changes in ozone heating influencing stratospheric weather.

During the first period the stratospheric polar vortex, a system of strong westerly winds at altitudes 10 - 50 km, is projected to weaken, and this weakening slows down westerly winds all the way down to the surface, cancelling out the effect of the increasing temperature difference between the Tropics and the Pole», explains researcher Alexey Karpechko from FMI.

«stratospheric water vapor probably increased between 1980 and 2000, which would have enhanced the decadal rate of surface warming during the 1990s by about 30 % as compared to estimates neglecting this change.

Susan Solomon earlier this year noted that stratospheric [H2O] has been falling recently after having increased between 1980 and 2000.

Three analyses of the NASA NVAP satellite data show little or no empirical correlation between either surface temperature or atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, Solomon et al in fact shows a 10 % decrease in stratospheric water vapour in the decade pre-2000.

Schematic of the tropospheric and stratospheric layers and the tropopause, the boundary between the two.

They argue that this «very likely made substantial contributions to the flattening of the global warming trend since about 2000» and that temperatures between 2000 - 2009 would have warmed about 25 percent had stratospheric water vapor remained constant.

In striking contrast, a nearly perfect linear correlation with coefficients as high as 0.96 - 0.97 is found between corrected or uncorrected global surface temperature and total amount of stratospheric halogenated gases during 1970 - 2012.

The source of the difference in mean lapse rate feedback between the two studies is unclear, but may relate to inappropriate inclusion of stratospheric temperature response in some feedback analyses (Soden and Held, 2006).

Hood and his references show a very strong link between varying solar EUV / FUV and stratospheric influence on tropospheric climate.

A study of the coupling between the tropical QBO and the global stratospheric circulation has been performed by Marquardt (1998).

There is a choice of vertical resolutions between 38 levels extending to ~ 40 km height (of which 29 are below 18 km), 63 levels extending to ~ 40 km height (of which 50 are below 18 km), and 85 levels extending to 85 km in height (of which 50 are below 18 km), the latter allowing improved representation of stratospheric processes.

Reichler and colleagues used weather observations and 4,000 years worth of supercomputer simulations of weather to show a surprising association between decade - scale, periodic changes in stratospheric wind patterns known as the polar vortex, and similar rhythmic changes in deep - sea circulation patterns.