Sentences with phrase «between surface»

Currents and the formation of sinking dense waters transport the carbon between the surface and deeper layers of the ocean.

The extra convection would not necessarily result in significantly more damaging storms because it would be spread across the globe and the increase in temperature between the surface and space would not need to become large before the process begins to take effect.

B) For the ice cores the progressive closing of the diffusion paths between the surface and the «air bubbles» of a layer of the firn is tantamount to a temporal low - pass filter which smoothes the transitions faster than several centuries (in Antarctica where the precipitation of ice is a few mm / year, it's the time it takes for some 50 m of water to accumulate).

«in an isotropic non GHG world, the net would be zero, as the mean conduction flux would equalize, but in our earth it is still nearly zero» if the atmosphere were isothermal at the same temperature as the surface then exactly the downwelling radiation absorbed by the surface would be equal to the radiation of th surface absorbed by the air (or rather by its trace gases) and both numbers would be (1 - 2E3 (t (nu)-RRB--RRB- pi B (nu, T) where t (nu) is the optical thickness, B the Planck function, nu the optical frequency and T the temperature; as the flow from the air absorbed by the surface is equal to the flow from the surface absorbed by the air, the radiative heat transfer is zero between surface and air.

Once the hot spot has moved on, the delta T between surface and air causes Heat flow.

In other words, are they stating that atmospheric absorption of solar insolation, plus conduction from the surface makes the net flow between the surface and atmosphere nearly zero.

Those observations do contradict the conjecture of a «greenhouse effect» for which there is no physically admissible definition at hand: there is no «heat trapping» between surface and air as the net radiative heat flow between those bodies is about nil

First we see the difference between the surface land temperatures from thermometers and the land and surface ocean temperature.

For a column of air between the surface and space, the temperature and pressure vary with height.

They depend on the east - west oscillation of the tropical Pacific thermocline, which adiabatically redistributes heat between the surface (~ 0 — 100 m) and subsurface ocean (~ 100 — 500 m) and thus allows the near - surface ocean to significantly alter its net heat exchange with the atmosphere depending on the phase of ENSO [Roemmich and Gilson, 2011].

Third row: Wind shear, defined as the magnitude of the vector difference in wind between the surface and 6 kilometers altitude.

Nonetheless, up to 50 layers of natural gas can occur between the surface and deep shale formations, and methane from these shallow deposits has intruded on groundwater near fracking sites.

This indeed explains most of the difference between surface and satellite temperature records.

1998 in GISTemp shows what is supposed to be seen in the difference between surface temperature and the altitude that satellites measure temperature at during El Nino.

One major problem found in the 11 µm channel cloud - top height retrievals was poor delineation between surface (i.e., clear) and low - altitude cloud pixels, though this tends to lower cloud - top heights rather than raise them.

The EPA ignored peer reviewed research that shows a discrepancy between the surface and lower tropospheric temperature trends.

The dissipative friction force is a viscous friction between the surface mixed layer and the deeper ocean layers or the shallow continental shelf.

Lots of things happen between the surface and the top of the troposphere, but the net result is that the CO2 cools the top of the atmosphere, but warms the bottom.

However, this is simply an admission that the models fail to simulate the exchanges of heat between the surface layers and the deeper oceans.

There's no straight relationship between surface temperature change and sea level change due to transients within the ocean.

Eli, Eli is a small timer and has been spending his time wondering about the yuuuge difference between the surface records and the satellite records both in the 1997 - 98 and the 2015 - 16 el ninos.

The radiative exchange between the surface and atmosphere exists.

The climate system is highly non-linear8 and relatively little is known about the effect on temperature changes resulting from human contributions to the changing three - dimensional distributions of ozone and aerosols, either or both of which may have been partially responsible for the observed discrepancy between surface and lower to mid-tropospheric temperature changes.

277 For more on why open ocean occurs occasionally in Arctic summers, sometimes even at the pole itself, see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/northpole/NPOpenWater.html. There is an enormous heat flux through them, as the difference between surface and air temperature is 30 °C.

The temperature gradient combined with the height difference between the surface radiating to space and the solid ground causes a temperature difference, maintained by the external work done by convection, that keeps the ground warmer than the radiating surface.

Also, the current theory gives a large discontinuity between the surface temperature and the air temperature at the surface.

Despite the many unresolved issues touched on in this chapter and discussed in more detail in chapters 5 — 9, the progress that has been achieved over the past few years provides a basis for drawing some tentative conclusions concerning the nature of the observed differences between surface and upper air temperature trends, and their implications for the detection and attribution of global climate change.break

Also Wentz neglects the fact that small changes in relative humidity or difference between surface and near air temperatures can result in large changes in evaporation rates based on their equation (1) which determines evaporation rate.

This experiment also demonstrates why conductive flux between the surface and atmosphere should not be calculated from surface Tav.

And while there IS a certain amount of heat transfer through the atmosphere from surface to tropopause (as we know), this heat transfer has never made the upper atmosphere +35 oc — not even in several hundred million years of heat transfer between surface and upper atmosphere (with or without a silver wire).

«Overall, this combination of methods helps us understand the spatial and temporal interactions between surface microtopography, the active layer that controls soil respiration and generation of greenhouse gasses, and the deeper permafrost layer, which controls the formation of the polygonal features,» says Hubbard.

Its convective strength — the boiling motion of air rising from the ocean surface to the atmosphere — depends on the temperature difference between the surface ocean and the upper atmosphere.

around his model atmosphere where «The constant distance (D) between the surface with area A and the surface with area S is very small in relation to R0 ″.

The IPCC TAR, which you are fond of quoting, says «Discrepancies between MSU and radiosonde data have largely been resolved, although the observed trend in the difference between the surface and lower tropospheric temperatures can not fully be accounted for.»

A number of possible research strategies for improving the understanding of uncertainties inherent in the various measurement systems and the relationship between surface and upper air temperature trends are proposed in the report.break

The latter gives rise to a strong negative feedback between the surface temperature Ts and the temperature of «absolutely black body» Tbb, which is determined by the solar radiation S reaching the Earth's surface at its distance from the Sun.

For a example, phase change which in the atmosphere mainly concerns evaporation of water at the surface (or boundary between surface and the fluid atmosphere) and condensation in the various layers of the atmosphere leading to cloud formation and precipitation.

This effect could be significant, as the difference between a surface temperature of up to 22 degrees in summer and the permafrost (around 0 degrees) is quite large.

The concept to be clear about is within the well - mixed boundary layer there is a strong connection between the surface temperature and the water vapor content.

The solid blue line is the average temperature of the world's oceans between the surface and 1900m depth — the dashed line is a 13 - month running mean.

Now the radiation pressure in the cavity between surface and absorber has increased by a factor of 2.7, due to the higher temperature, but the additional expansion and cooling this causes is still utterly negligible (a further 1.7 parts in 1E11).

How strongly and quickly a cyclone can grow depends on two oceanic factors: pre-storm sea surface temperature and the difference in temperature between the surface and subsurface.

According to Klotzbach et al. (2010), which the Watts paper references, there should be an amplification factor of ~ 1.1 between surface and lower troposphere temperatures over land (greater atmospheric warming having to do with water vapor amplification).

The main difference between H2O and CO2 (apart from the numerical differences of their specific physical properites such as degree of freedom, thermal capacity, physical mass, etc) in terms of their effects on the atmosphere is that water is capable of condensing into liquid to form clouds and readily and rapidly moves between surface and atmosphere, daily, seasonally, annually and on even greater time scales, but CO2 does not liquify in the biosphere and transfers over mostly long time periods between surface (primarily oceans, seas, etc) and the atmosphere.

It's a surface temperature artifact that contributes to the difference between surface and tropospheric records.

Average exchange of energy between the surface, the atmosphere, and space, as percentages of incident solar radiation (1 unit = 3.4 watts per square metre).

Models are very consistent, as this article demonstrates, in showing a significant difference between surface and tropospheric trends, with tropospheric temperature trends warming faster than the surface.

The heat transfer at the interface between surface (land / ocean and freshwaters) and atmosphere / space is very complex and dominated by latent heat transfer surface - > atmosphere.

In a similar category, whenever a temperature difference occurs between the surface and the medium beneath the surface, there is a transfer of heat to or from the medium.

Introduction Key diagrams on the Earth's energy budget depicts an exchange of energy between the surface and the atmosphere and their subsystems considering each system as if they were blackbodies with emissivities and absorptivities of 100 % 1, 2.