Not exact matches
«When the weather fluctuates
between warm and cold and in bodies of
water where there are currents underneath the ice, it can weaken the
surface of the ice and make it dangerously fragile even though it seems to be frozen solid,» said Joe Pecoraro, manager of the Park District's Beaches and Pools Unit, who narrated the demonstration.
In a paper published in Geophysical Research Letters, researchers found that interactions
between methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the early Martian atmosphere may have created
warm periods when the planet could support liquid
water on the
surface.
The Michigan Tech chamber works differently due to cloud mixing
between a hot and cold
surface, the same process that forms clouds or fog over a lake on fall days when the
water temperature is
warmer than the air temperature.
The Michigan Tech chamber creates clouds through cloud mixing
between a hot and cold
surface — the same process that forms fog over Portage Lake on fall days when the
water temperature is
warmer than the air temperature.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion A technology using the temperature difference
between cold, deep ocean
waters and
warmer surface waters to generate electricity.
Because the temperature of Ceres is relatively
warm (
between -93 ℃ and -33 ℃),
water - ice exposed at the
surface would rapidly convert into a gas in such a low - pressure environment.
The Center for Ocean Solutions writes: «
Between 1951 and 1993 zooplankton biomass off Southern California decreased by 80 % as a result of
warming surface waters.»
In Relationships
between Water Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, Bretherton et al showed that although the Western Pacific warmer surface waters increased the water in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amo
Water Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, Bretherton et al showed that although the Western Pacific
warmer surface waters increased the
water in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amo
water in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of
water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amo
water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm
water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amo
water vapor, the peak of the distribution of
water vapor amo
water vapor amounts.
Surface temperature is an imperfect gauge of whether the earth has been warmed by an imbalance between incoming radiation from the sun, and outgoing radiation, because of the role of ocean currents in the distribution of heat between deeper and surface
Surface temperature is an imperfect gauge of whether the earth has been
warmed by an imbalance
between incoming radiation from the sun, and outgoing radiation, because of the role of ocean currents in the distribution of heat
between deeper and
surface surface waters.
Before the ice gets too thick, the temperature contrast
between the
warmer water and the cold atmosphere makes conditions just right for the formation of
surface crystals like this field of frost flowers on Dillon Reservoir, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
While there are some similarities
between the approaches, an important difference is that the slab - ocean approach allows
surface and MBL temperatures to adjust to the energetic perturbation: positive energetic forcing of the
surface leads to
warming, weakens the inversion, and reduces low - cloud cover and liquid
water path (LWP).
17 El Nino verses La Nina El Niño La Niña Trade winds weaken
Warm ocean
water replaces offshore cold
water near South America Irregular intervals of three to seven years Wetter than average winters in NC La Niña Normal conditions
between El Nino events When
surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are colder than average The southern US is usually
warmer and dryer in climate
The
warm intruding Atlantic
water is saltier and denser and flows
between 100 and 900 meters below the
surface.
This can be affected by
warming temperatures, but also by changes in snowfall, increases in solar radiation absorption due to a decrease in cloud cover, and increases in the
water vapor content of air near the earth's
surface.2, 14,15,16,17 In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat
between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.18
The density difference
between cold, salty bottom
water and the
warm surface prevent effective mixing.
Since the whole world does not appear to freeze during a ice age, the must be massive ice making going at the pole driven by heat lifting oceans of
water to the sky from the equator where it is pushed by the expanding air and vapor to the poles areas where it returns to the
surface and follows cold land like a culvert
between warmer expanding ocean air back down to the equatoral region.
Since ENSO is a coupled ocean - atmosphere process, I have presented its impact on and the inter-relationships
between numerous variables, including sea
surface temperature, sea level, ocean currents, ocean heat content, depth - averaged temperature,
warm water volume, sea level pressure, cloud amount, precipitation, the strength and direction of the trade winds, etc..
''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic
waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In
between these two
warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near -
surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»
According to Klotzbach et al. (2010), which the Watts paper references, there should be an amplification factor of ~ 1.1
between surface and lower troposphere temperatures over land (greater atmospheric
warming having to do with
water vapor amplification).
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference
between the
warm tropical
surface water and the cooler, deep
water in the ocean to generate energy.
The best way to envision the relation
between ENSO and precipitation over East Africa is to regard the Indian Ocean as a mirror of the Pacific Ocean sea
surface temperature anomalies [much like the Western Hemisphere
Warm Pool creates such a SST mirror with the Atlantic Ocean too]: during a La Niña episode,
waters in the eastern Pacific are relatively cool as strong trade winds blow the tropically Sun -
warmed waters far towards the west.
Warm water flows
between Australia and Indonesia influencing sea
surface temperature in the Indian Ocean and rainfall in Africa and Australia.
As part of the planet's reciprocal relationship
between ocean circulation and climate, this conveyor belt transports
warm surface water to high latitudes where the
water warms the air, then cools, sinks, and returns towards the equator as a deep flow.»
«stratospheric
water vapor probably increased
between 1980 and 2000, which would have enhanced the decadal rate of
surface warming during the 1990s by about 30 % as compared to estimates neglecting this change.
Some of it will transfer downward and
warm the
water below the
surface because there will be a huge temperature gradient
between the
surface and the layer below.
Only approximately 15 percent of that decline can be attributed to a
warmer mixed - layer, with the remainder being «consistent with an overall decrease in the exchange
between surface waters and the ocean interior» (Helm et al., 2011).
As regards a
warming of the ocean skin, evaporation is a continuous process caused by temperaure, density and pressure (not just temperature) differentials
between water and air so that the rate of evaporation accelerates when a
water surface is
warmed such as from the
warming effect of extra greenhouse gases (especially if the air is dry).
De Witt, are you saying «THS???» because you don't know it stands for tropical hot spot [which I can't believe] or because you don't get the connection
between backradiation and a THS, which I understood to be the case because the Troposphere would
warm faster than the
surface since it is being heated by a
warmer surface, to wit, the
surface of the planet which is getting
warmed by the aforesaid backradiation; and in addition to but not withstanding that the troposphere whould also rise which would be another aspect of the THS, with the final characteristic being that said THS would occur in the tropics where the
warming effect of extra
water would be most pronounced, also as a consequence of backradiation?
Climatic changes that allow
surface warming cause an increase in the density contrast
between the
surface layer and underlying nutrient - rich
waters.