Here I want to point out how central justice is to the whole
biblical tradition as well as to Jesus.
The theme of two lordships is powerful and central to
the biblical tradition as a whole.
Not exact matches
We also affirm that
tradition, rightly understood
as the proper reflection of
biblical teaching, is the faithful transmission of the truth of the gospel from generation to generation through the power of the Holy Spirit.
to the new intellectual environment, combined with the fact that Wesley did seem easily to appropriate the emerging
biblical scholarship of his day, are grounds for suggesting that the Wesleyan
tradition is more appropriately viewed
as non-fundamentalist, even among those who wish to live in more direct continuity with the spiritual dynamic of the founder.
Generous orthodoxy also means that one embodies
biblical virtues
as a theologian and
as a
biblical scholar
as one encounters those who come from other
traditions.
When Friedrich Nietzsche, in his several tirades against Christianity, points to these elements
as of the essence of the
biblical tradition, he is certainly correct — though not in the dark conclusions he draws from the observation,
Here it is assumed that the church's teaching is the responsible development of
biblical teaching, but the task is not so much to check this assumption
as to build on the
tradition.
Theology in the Reformation
tradition has explored other alternatives,
as in the «Andover theory» which views
biblical texts such
as 2 Peter 3:19 «20 and 4:6 and Christ's descent to the dead referenced in the Apostles» Creed
as warranting belief in the Hound of Heaven pursuing the last and the least.
My hope is that
as evangelicals move beyond the modern paradigm of individual autonomy (particularly
as it applies to
biblical interpretation), we will begin to appreciate church
tradition as an undeniable foundation for our faith.
It also shows how it is able, because of this, to achieve the critical freedom which is related to the history of social freedom... The
Biblical traditions and the doctrinal and confessional formulae that are derived from these
traditions appear in the light of this interpretation
as formulae of memoria.
We Christians have the freedom in Christ to meet together
as often
as we like in a structure we are comfortable with that closely mirrors
biblical tradition.
Instead my four co-authors and I speak of «the
biblical and republican
traditions,» which we do not claim to be identical but which we see
as deeply interrelated.
Some feel it reflects a negative valuation of human sexuality based on the dualism of Hellenistic thought, which saw salvation
as a freeing of the soul from the body, rather than the
biblical tradition which affirms the goodness of the whole creation.
Scripture is the primary source and guideline «
as the constitutive witness to
biblical wellsprings of our faith,» but
tradition, experience and reason also function
as sources and guidelines, and in practice «theological reflection may find its point of departure» in any of them.
We are somewhat led astray by the tendency, even in the
biblical tradition, to conceive the creation before sin
as idyllic bliss.
The Protestant Reformation is often perceived
as having pitted the
biblical Word of God against ecclesiastical
tradition.
With this in mind Christians rightly turn to
biblical authors who go beyond stewardship to stress a just treatment of animals; to Orthodox
traditions with their emphases on a sacramental understanding of nature; and to classical, Western writers such
as Irenacus, the later Augustine, Francis of Assisi, and the Rhineland mystics who stress the value of creation
as a whole.
In Rhetoric and
Biblical Interpretation they recommend that the definition of rhetoric be broadened to its fullest range in the classical
tradition, namely
as «the means by which a text establishes and manages it relationship to its audience in order to achieve a particular effect.»
Can they develop theologies of ecology that affirm the intrinsic value of all life,
as do the deep ecologists and most others within environmental philosophy, and that also affirm the care of a compassionate God for the poor and oppressed,
as do prophetic
biblical traditions?
that is, the mixing of indigenous
traditions with Christian
biblical narratives, are not only identified but often encouraged
as a continuing creative practice.
Schama's analyses of Rembrandt's paintings of
biblical subjects (
as well
as of Rubens's commissions from Oratorians, Jesuits and other Catholic factions) reflect a sound knowledge of the visual and doctrinal
traditions that shaped them.
In comparison with Egyptian and Hellenistic divine archetypes such
as Isis and Demeter, the
biblical traditions can not be expected to yield much fruit.
The question that is put to Christians today where our christology is concerned is whether we can return our thought and the ethical consequences of our thought concerning Jesus the Christ to the ontological matrix in which it was originally enfolded — namely, the relational ontology of the
tradition of Jerusalem; and thus overcome this obdurate temptation, neither
biblical nor contemporary, of regarding the one at the center of our confession
as the bearer of «substances» that are
as incomprehensible
as they are incompatible.
For all the new European inhabitants of America the Christian and
biblical tradition provided images and symbols with which to interpret the enormous hopes and fears aroused in them by their new situation,
as I have already suggested in using the terms «paradise» and «wilderness.»
In the
biblical tradition, God was thought to possess full knowledge of human history, past and present; and from time to time he chose to reveal the future to certain select people, such
as Joseph, Daniel and John of Patmos.
Within the Jewish - Christian
tradition, this refreshment and companionship is given a supreme and clear statement in the language in which the
biblical writers speak of God
as the living one who identifies himself with his creatures, works for their healing, enables them to experience newness of life, and enters into fellowship with them.
Thus America came to be thought of
as a paradise and a wilderness, with all of the rich associations of those terms in the Christian and
biblical traditions, or, more simply, thus Europeans came to think of America
as both a heaven and a hell.
Buber calls his treatment of
Biblical history «
tradition criticism»
as distinct from «source criticism.»
It is, in particular, the second of evangelicalism's two tenets, i. e.,
Biblical authority, that sets evangelicals off from their fellow Christians.8 Over against those wanting to make
tradition co-normative with Scripture; over against those wanting to update Christianity by conforming it to the current philosophical trends; over against those who view
Biblical authority selectively and dissent from what they find unreasonable; over against those who would understand
Biblical authority primarily in terms of its writers» religious sensitivity or their proximity to the primal originating events of the faith; over against those who would consider
Biblical authority subjectively, stressing the effect on the reader, not the quality of the source — over against all these, evangelicals believe the
Biblical text
as written to be totally authoritative in all that it affirms.
While debate over the understanding of
Biblical interpretation lies at the heart of current evangelical discussions concerning women, differences in theological
tradition lie at the center of discussions over social ethics, and disagreement over one's approach toward the wider secular culture is surfacing
as the focus of controversy regarding homosexuality.
From within our human history God's vision of cosmic destiny can be grasped only through the relatively limited and time - conditioned stories of promise that serve
as the foundation of our
biblical tradition.
Articulated by editor Jim Wallis in his book Agenda for
Biblical People,
as well
as by editorials and articles by the staff, the Sojourners position reflects a Christian radicalism steeped in the Anabaptist
tradition - one committed to rigorous discipleship, corporate life - style, and societal critique.
As we turn in the next chapter to consider the evangelical church's role in society, we will see that matters of a correct theological understanding of social ethics - one resting in Biblical authority - do not hinge so much on the issue of Biblical hermeneutics as they do on the matter of conflicting loyalties to ecclesiological tradition
As we turn in the next chapter to consider the evangelical church's role in society, we will see that matters of a correct theological understanding of social ethics - one resting in
Biblical authority - do not hinge so much on the issue of
Biblical hermeneutics
as they do on the matter of conflicting loyalties to ecclesiological tradition
as they do on the matter of conflicting loyalties to ecclesiological
traditions.
Ninian Smart has shown that although Western religious
traditions have been predominantly numinous and Eastern
traditions predominantly mystical, all the major world religions have in fact included both types of experience.18 Early Israel gave priority to the numinous;
biblical literature portrays the overwhelming sense of encounter, the prophetic experience of the holy
as personal, the acknowledgment of the gulf between the worshipper and the object of worship.
Faithfulness to Christ supports our recognition of our rootedness in the Bible and the history it recounts, but it alters the nature of
Biblical authority
as it opens us to awareness of the patriarchal character of all our Scripture and
tradition.
Having listened to these positions and ob - served the importance which theological
traditions play in their formulations, I will then look for direction
as to how a renewed investigation of the
Biblical data might proceed.
The current impasse in evangelicalism over social ethics provides us a model for exploring how a dialogue between conflicting theological
traditions can aid theological formation
as evangelicals seek to apply concretely their theoretical commitment to
Biblical authority.
«
As a Christian,» says the cardinal, «there are no prior commitments that can overrule or trump this
biblical tradition of compassion for the stranger, the alien and the worker.»
Certainly Catholic Christianity has had the ability to engage the issue with seriousness, with respect for the integrity of science, and with fidelity to the
biblical narrative and
Tradition of the Church,
as evidenced by the efforts of Pope Pius XII (Humani Generis, 1950) and Pope John Paul II [Address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, October 22, 1996).
Coupled with some of the tools of
biblical criticism (such
as the criteria of Embarrassment, Double Discontinuity and Multiple Attestation), he seeks to demonstrate the case for the origin of the Johannine
tradition in the words and actions of the historical Jesus,
as passed on by eyewitness accounts and possibly by John the son of Zebedee himself.
Various elements of
tradition seem nonessential, such
as male celibate priesthood and
biblical cosmology.
A second basic approach to
biblical studies is historicism in which Scripture is treated in the same way
as any worthy literature of a given cultural
tradition.
More specifically, his goal is «to examine — with a frank apologetic agenda near at hand — the possibilities for envisioning the transformation of humanity through relationship with Christ,
as per
Biblical tradition and Christian experience, in a process - relational mode»
Drawing on
biblical and church
tradition, he spoke of the roles of pastor, priest, prophet and king
as historically normative for the Christian ministry.
An Argentine in the Peronist
tradition, he articulates a
biblical populism,
as it were.
It is quite otherwise, however, with Elijah, the ninth century prophet, who, according to the
Biblical tradition, had been carried up to heaven in a whirlwind riding in a chariot of fire, drawn by horses of fire.13 Elijah had made such an impression on the men of his own generation
as a man of vitality and divine power that he continued to be a living legend.
It is quite appropriate to speak of the history of God's activity if this is bound up with concrete response to creaturely activity,
as both
biblical traditions and process theism can affirm.
Here the
biblical tradition may actually act
as antithesis rather than thesis.
Accepting the notion that
biblical narratives are the product of many layers of oral
tradition, they see scripture
as paradigmatic of humanity's interpretation of the experience (there is no such thing
as uninterpreted experience!)
As such, it is at least a partially alien criterion by which to appreciate
biblical traditions, since their understanding of divine power is rather different, a subject we shall turn to in the next chapter.