Studies included in these reviews adopt variable measures of father involvement, do not always account for maternal involvement, and do not take account of the possible
bidirectionality of associations between father involvement and children's socio - emotional wellbeing over time.
Examining similar potentials for off - principal plane observations requires the ability to assess realistic variations in both the reflectance for and
bidirectionality of polarized water - leaving radiances for such viewing geometries.
Not exact matches
Both display the relationship qualities
of interdependence,
bidirectionality, reciprocity, and multiple levels
of analysis.
One
of the consequences
of bidirectionality is that parents with insufficient parenting skills may become involved in increasingly negative and coercive behaviours when dealing with non-compliance in children, which can have a cyclical effect, exacerbating child behaviour problems and, in turn, further increasing parental distress (Patterson 1992; Campbell 1997).
Creative and methodologically sophisticated longitudinal research on
bidirectionality in parenting and child behavior can shed important new light on the dynamics
of behavior - problem development.
However, a longitudinal study testing
bidirectionality is necessary before conclusions about the direction
of effects can be ascertained.
Fredrickson [33] posits that both interpretations warrant investigation (i.e.,
bidirectionality) by emphasizing that experience
of positive emotion should help facilitate a broader source
of coping, which could help improve later experiences
of positive emotions.
In terms
of bidirectionality, there was a bidirectional relationship between using a greater number
of negative coping strategies and more depressive symptoms.
The lack
of bidirectionality may be indicating the differential conceptualization
of both constructs: CU traits as temperamental / personality vulnerability traits and ODD as a possible resultant behavior associated with these traits.