This compelling knowledge base underscores three significant, unmet needs: (1) valid and reliable
biological and bio-behavioral measures (or «biomarkers»)
of «toxic
stress» to identify children who are at higher risk
of chronic disease in adulthood; (2) more effective intervention strategies to prevent, reduce, or mitigate the long - term health consequences
of significant adversity in early childhood; and (3) biomarkers that are sensitive to change and can thus be used to assess the short - term and medium - term
effects of intervention strategies whose ultimate impacts on physical and mental health may not be apparent until decades later.
The cumulative adverse
biological effects of chronic or recurring
stress responses, in conjunction with genetic risks and those acquired in the early environment, in turn, lead to mental and physical health risks (10).