Sentences with phrase «bounded by a membrane»

Not that that's necessarily the very first way Darwinian systems began, but at some point they had to transition into a system more related to modern biology where cells are all bounded by membranes.

All cells are bounded by a membrane of their own making.

So it could be RNA or DNA like we have in modern biology or it could be some related kind of material; and we are also thinking about some kind of cell envelope or cell membrane — not that that's necessarily the very first way Darwinian systems began, but at some point they had to transition into a system more related to modern biology where cells are all bounded by membranes — so we're thinking about how to assemble these two components and get them to interact with each other.

Not exact matches

As lipid droplets exit the mammary epithelial cell, they are enveloped by cell membrane and secreted into milk as membrane - bound globules of fat.

Substituting those residues with alanine, which is hydrophobic, reduced lipid binding by 40-fold and stopped localization to the plasma membrane.

Strikingly, the presence of PS increased the binding of MP1 to the membrane by a factor of 7 to 8.

The toxins overcome the cell membrane by binding to a surface receptor, which conveys them into the cell's interior.

By binding to the surface receptor, the toxins are able to overcome the cell membrane.

Analysis of the membrane - bound form of annexin V by electron microscopy revealed no differences between the wild type and mutant.

«By diversifying our labeling approaches, we also visualized different types of individual biomolecules in the chromosome - containing nucleus, including sequences in the DNA, proteins bound to DNA or the membrane that encloses the nucleus, as well as nuclear RNAs,» adds Yin, who is also co-leader of the Wyss Institute's Molecular Robotics Initiative, and Professor of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School..

THC works by binding to the corresponding cannabinoid - 1 (CB1) receptors, which are located in the cell membrane and are present in large numbers in the central and peripheral nervous system.

The study, «Anti-TNF drives regulatory T cell expansion by paradoxically promoting membrane TNF - TNF - RII binding in rheumatoid arthritis,» which will be published online June 6 in The Journal of Experimental Medicine, may help explain the divergent efficacies of different TNF - targeting drugs.

The researchers created antibodies to bind specifically to the reflectin proteins, which revealed that the reflectins are located exclusively inside the lamellae formed by the folds in the cell membrane.

MinD then diffuses in the cytoplasm until ADP is replaced by ATP, which allows it to bind to the cell membrane once again.

Prof. De Meyts assures that «Prof. Maruyama makes a convincing case that this [dimerization] model is incorrect, and that in fact, numerous cell membrane receptors are pre-dimerized in the membrane and are activated allosterically by ligand binding.»

By binding simultaneously onto these two elements and neutralizing them, pyridomycin prevents the bacterium from generating its membrane, and it ends up bursting like a balloon.

In their latest research, Lawrence Rajendran, of the University of Zurich in Switzerland, and his colleagues discovered that, unlike non-amyloid proteins, the Alzheimer's - associated amyloid precursor protein is cleaved by β - secretase in membrane - bound compartments inside cells, called endosomes.

As a part of the innate immune system, Cd14 helps the body respond to bacterial infections by producing a protein that binds to lipopolysaccharides within the outer membranes of some bacteria.

As a novel mechanism contributing to streptococcal pathogenesis, Surve et al. identified membrane bound vesicles (MVs) produced by Streptococcus agalactiae.

However, its future potential uses are significantly limited by scarcity and cost, as well as the fact that platinum readily binds with carbon monoxide, which «poisons» the desired reactions, for example in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which are the leading contenders for small - scale and mobile power generation not based on batteries or combustion engines.

Because certain cell secretion pathways have been suggested to be required for this process, University of Buenos Aires researcher Matías Ostrowski and colleagues investigated whether a role might be played by Rab27a, a protein that guides delivery of membrane - bound compartments called endosomes to the plasma membrane.

By applying the method to the peripheral membrane protein and key anti-cancer target dehydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) located at the mitochondria, the team is able to obtain detailed insights into the structural relationship between membrane lipid and substrate binding to the enzyme.

They did this by allowing a fibrinogen molecule attached to the tip of the AFM to bind to its specific erythrocyte membrane receptor.

(d) Histogram of membrane - bound Tie2 expression in HUVEC and BP compared to isotype control measured by flow cytometry.

The membrane associated adaptor ankyrin - B (AnkB) promotes fast axonal transport and elongation by coupling dynactin to multiple organelles through binding to phosphatidylinositol 3 - phosphate lipids in these cargos.

Source: «High - affinity binding and direct electron transfer to solid metals by the Shewanella oneidensis MR - 1 outer membrane c - type cytochrome OmcA.»

The autophagosome then fuses with the lysosome / vacuole, releasing a single - membrane bound package that is then degraded by enzymes (left).

D. Frescas et al (2017) Senescent cells expose and secrete an oxidized form of membrane - bound vimentin as revealed by a natural polyreactive antibody (http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/02/09/1614661114.short)

Through its various targets, MMP1 promotes not only tumor invasion but also breast cancer colonization to bone by mechanisms that include the release of membrane - bound EGF - like growth factors from tumor cells, leading to activation of EGF receptor signaling and suppression of OPG expression in osteoblasts, which in turn promotes the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts required for bone destruction and enhanced tumor growth in the bone microenvironment (32).

FFAT motifs are present in several other lipid transfer proteins leading Tim to propose that FFAT - motif proteins would act at contact sites by binding simultaneously to both the ER and another membrane.

The relaxation process is modified significantly by binding Shiga toxin, a bacterial toxin from Shigella dysenteriae, to the membrane surface.

Heavy metal accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells armed with metal binding hexapeptides targeted to the inner face of the plasma membrane — Lavinia Liliana Ruta — Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

By contrast, in coarse - grained computer simulations, a correlation was found between clustering and toxin nanoparticle - driven suppression of membrane fluctuations, and experimentally we observed that clustering required the toxin molecules to be tightly bound to the membrane surface.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

The decreased protection in IgG1 - deficient mice correlates with less efficient bacterial opsonization and uptake by macrophages, and this reflects the low binding of outer membrane protein OmpD - specific IgG2a to the bacterial surface.

The transfer of electrons to oxygen is mediated by a membrane - bound heterodimer, comprising gp91 phox and p22 phox subunits.

More recently, Drs. Goldstein and Brown discovered the SREBP family of membrane - bound transcription factors and the elucidation of the proteolytic pathway by which the SREBPs become activated to regulate lipid metabolism.

TNFα is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine with two biologically active forms that are either soluble (solTNF) or membrane bound (tmTNF), and TNFR2 is preferentially activated by tmTNF [39].

Number one, the pancreas releases low amounts of insulin or number two, the cells develops insulin resistance, by not allowing the insulin to bind to receptors on the cells» membrane which would normally allow the entrance of glucose into the cell.

Lectins act as a deterrent against creatures consuming plants or seeds by binding to carbohydrate molecules present in cell membranes within the gut.

While 7 - dehydrocholesterol is tucked tightly within the lipids of skin cell membranes, previtamin D3 is an unstable compound that over a brief period of time converts into vitamin D3, causing it to be released from the cell membrane.12 Vitamin D3 then travels into the blood where it binds to vitamin D - binding protein (DBP).16 Eventually, it is delivered to the liver where it is converted into its primary storage form, calcidiol, which is likewise transported in the blood by DBP.8

Aβ is believed to penetrate neuronal plasma membranes, where it leads to lipid peroxidation.10 It has also been implicated in deactivating a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, thereby inhibiting conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the eventual production of cellular energy as ATP.32 Another way Aβ affects glucose metabolism in the brain is that fragments of Aβ disrupt insulin signaling by binding to neuronal synapses, which alters their shape and function.15, 38 Insulin receptors are abundant at synapses, so if the integrity of the synapse itself has been compromised, the receptors won't function effectively.

They are easily recognized and absorbed by the skin without clogging pores and can bind moisture to the skin while strengthening skin cell membranes.

Acetic acid can also kill harmful bacteria like E.coli by binding to its cell membrane and completely destroying the structure.

Insulin facilitates the transport of glucose from the blood to the cell by binding to receptors on the cell membrane.

In an article published online April 5, 2018 by JCI Insight, the researchers showed that a specific form of transforming growth factor (TGF)- beta binds the membrane receptor glycoprotein - A...