Sentences with phrase «brain signaling molecules»

In addition, because many of the deadlier spider venoms produce their toxic effects by overstimulating the production of brain signaling molecules, this research may uncover novel tools for neuroscience research.

Not exact matches

In the direct reprogramming, the researchers exposed the adult skin cells to a specific mix of signaling molecules the scientists» past research had found would convert healthy skin cells directly into a type of brain cell called medium spiny neurons, without intermediate steps along the way.

A number of individual genes have been linked to suicide, such as those involved in the brain's response to mood - lifting serotonin, and a signalling molecule called brain - derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which regulates the brain's response to stress.

Crucially, this molecule seems to damp down the activity of a gene involved in glutamate signalling in the brain.

The tamed birds also had higher levels of serotonin, both a signaling molecule in the brain that may be involved with fear responses and a hormone associated with metabolism and feeding in chickens.

Once these alarm signals reach the surfaces of blood vessels lining the brain, the microglia produce a neurotoxic molecule called interleukin - 1 beta.

The presence of 6 - MAM also results in a sharp increase in the signalling molecule, dopamine, in certain areas of the brain.

Latest research from the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS, Bangalore), now shows that maintaining Calcium balance in cells is also needed for another purpose — it may be regulating the levels of an important signalling molecule called dopamine in the brain.

Dopamine is an indispensable signal molecule in the brain, whose deficiency causes various diseases, the most famous of them being Parkinson's syndrome.

Next, the researchers looked to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where signals from peripheral nerves are routed to the brain, and found the receptors for Nppb in a group of neurons that release a molecule called gastrin - releasing peptide, or GRP.

Cytokines can reach the brain several ways: directly through the blood - brain barrier or indirectly by binding to nerve fibers elsewhere, which send signals to the brain to produce the inflammation molecules.

It was originally investigated in 1995 by pharmacologist Franco Borsini and a team of researchers at Boehringer Ingelheim Italia in Milan as an antidepressant because of its ability to regulate neurotransmitters — the brain's chemical - signaling molecules.

These include a family of signaling molecules called protocaderins, which regulate neuronal development and short - range interactions between neurons, and a family of transcription factors called zinc fingers, which are mainly expressed in embryonic and nervous tissues and are thought to play roles in brain development.

The study focused on the serotonin transporter, a molecule that regulates the amount of serotonin signaling between brain cells and is a major target for treatment of depression and mood disorders.

In a study being published in the journal Neuron, researchers show that the signal molecule TGF - beta acts as a time signal that regulates the nerve stem cells» potential at different stages of the brain's development — knowledge that may be significant for future pharmaceutical development.

When a particular molecule happens to fall into a matching receptor, a neural signal is triggered that is transmitted to the brain as an odor.

FosB is a transcription factor in the brain which, together with other molecules, is involved in so - called signal transduction (transmission of stimuli to the cells), that is to say conveys genetic information between the cells and also determines whether certain genes are activated or not.

To help solve the paradox of aggregation and pair bonding, the researchers examined the striatum, a brain area that regulates both social and sexual behaviors and that encodes reward signals via a molecule called dopamine.

The molecule can influence signals sent by a number of other receptors in the brain, many involved in pain and inflammation.

«Discovery could lead to better recovery after stroke: Researchers identify molecule that signals brain tissue to make new connections.»

The questions remained of what the signal was, and how, exactly, the signal got all the way to the liver from the brain, particularly since the blood - brain barrier prevents many molecules in the brain from crossing over into the rest of the body, just as it prevents molecules from getting into the brain.

After finding that GDF10 was a possible signal for brain repair, the team analyzed the molecule in a petri dish.

These compounds, known as neurotransmitters, are the signaling molecules responsible for key brain functions.

Then they compared levels of period mRNA, a molecule signaling that the gene is active, in the brains of the bees.

They homed in on astrocytes, a type of brain cell that clears the signaling molecule glutamate out of the way after it has performed its job of delivering a message across a synapse between two nerve cells.

Most of his work focuses on the pharmacologic manipulation of mammalian brain circuits which use the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system gamma - aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their chief signaling molecule.

Similarly, Bernaudin et al. [43] found increased expression of 18 genes in the neonatal rat brain following hypoxia (8 % O2 for 3 h) including several known hypoxia inducible genes such as MAP kinase phosphatase - 1 (MKP - 1), several HIF - 1 target genes including VEGF and GLUT - 1, genes implicated in apoptosis, signal transduction molecules, and transcription factors.

Long - lasting changes in brain connectivity require new gene expression, and Dr. Martin has discovered a role for specific signaling molecules that travel from stimulated synapses to the nucleus to change the transcription of DNA to RNA.

More and more evidence from other parts of the brain suggest that a molecule called ATP is part of the signaling mechanism where damaged neurons tell the glia that they are in distress.

Researchers have discovered a regulatory molecule that links faulty dopamine signaling in the brain to the neural machinery that breaks down in people who suffer from depression.

He developed an innovative microdialysis approach that allows the in vivo sampling of lipid signaling molecules in the brain (including endocannabinoids) and has demonstrated that voluntary self - administration of ethanol, heroin, and cocaine produces distinct drug - and region - specific changes in brain endocannabinoid levels.

In humans, low levels of hydrogen sulfide serve as a signaling molecule that helps regulate physiological processes in the brain, heart and other organs.

Neurons and endocrine tissues - such as the brain, pituitary, pancreas and adrenal gland - make especially important signaling molecules: peptidergic neurotransmitters and peptide hormones.

To assess the expression of Tie2 and other Ang / Tie signalling molecules on human pericytes, a microarray - based expression profiling of human brain pericytes (BP), placenta pericytes, pancreas pericytes (PA), lung pericytes (LP), muscle pericytes (MP) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was performed.

Researchers have identified a molecule that can transform the mechanical stimulus of a sound wave into an electrical signal recognizable by the brain.

The excited atoms, in turn, emit signals that can be used to create images of the brain, muscle, and other tissues, which can be distinguished based on the local physical and chemical environment of the water molecules.

These symptoms are the result of the loss of specialized cells in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that specialize in producing the chemical signal - molecule dopamine and are responsible for turning off excess firing of neurons that control muscles.

Neuropeptides comprise a large class of signaling molecules which are secreted from neurons and transmit messages within the brain and across the nervous system.

Garrison is interested in a large class of signaling molecules called neuropeptides which are secreted from neurons and transmit messages within the brain and across the nervous system.

Glutamate plays an important role in the brain as a molecule that carries signals between cells.

It is clear that neuropeptide levels in the brain change in defined ways as an organism ages but the role of neuropeptide signaling in aging has not been explored in a systematic way, in part due to a lack of tools to study these molecules.

Although no signaling molecules that act downstream of the Slif / TOR pathway have been identified yet, these fat body - derived signals ultimately regulate the production of insulin - like peptides (Drosophila insulin - like peptides; Dilps) secreted from the brain [10][9].

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a region of the brain which co-ordinates the circadian rhythm using many different signalling molecules, including the neurohormone vasopressin.

Finally, the strategy applied here for selective delivery of MK801 can be extended to other small molecules for use in brain tissue (Tian et al., 2012), allowing for an approach that combines chemistry, molecular genetics, and neurobiology to dissect cell signaling pathways in specific cell types in the central nervous system.

The shorter version of the gene, which is called GRIK4, makes a more stable receptor for glutamate, a key brain - signaling molecule.

He feels that sleeping clears away the information signals that build up in our brain during the day as our nerve cells fire away and buildup messenger molecules that carry information.

During digestion, they make vitamins that are vital for life, send signals to the immune system, and make small molecules that can help your brain work.

One of the reasons exercise has such a powerful effect on stress is due to its effect on neurotransmitters, the signaling molecules that your body uses to talk to your brain, and vice versa.

Moreover, some signaling molecules (hormones) are released into the periphery and are transported to the brain via humoral pathways.