These tall, relatively large -
brained ancestors of modern humans arose about 1.9 million years ago and soon afterward invented a sophisticated new tool, the hand ax.
Rather than inheriting big
brains from a common
ancestor, Neandertals and
modern humans each developed that trait on their own, perhaps favored by changes in climate, environment, or tool use experienced separately by the two species «more than half a million years
of separate evolution,» writes Jean - Jacques Hublin, a paleoanthropologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, in a commentary in Science.