Rebecca Saxe: Through most of the short history of neuroscience, what we've been able to study are the kinds of things that brains in general do — the things that
brains of all kinds of animals can do.
Not exact matches
According to the theory, the form
of relatedness that characterizes unified, purposive functioning in human beings and lower
animals should be manifested in their
brain waves — perhaps in some
kind of harmony that appears in the
brain wave pattern.
Arnold Kriegstein, a neuroscientist at the University
of California, San Francisco, also argues that though the scientists found inhibitory interneurons strikingly depleted in the
brains of the oxygen - deprived piglets, this alone can not account for the dramatic shrinking
of the
animals» overall
brain size and the diminished number
of cortical folds «The interneurons are part
of the story but not the entire story
of how the
brain is affected by this
kind of [lack
of oxygen].»
Thanks to experiments on
animals and the advent
of human
brain imaging, scientists now have a working knowledge
of the various
kinds of memory as well as which parts
of the
brain are involved in each.
«The OFC appears to carry a lot
of varied information,» he notes, and although the activity that Redish and colleagues detected is intriguing, «discovering whether and how the
animal uses each
kind of information in other parts
of the
brain is still very much an ongoing task in the field.»
If lamprey software can help people with spinal injuries, it will be in the shape
of animal brain circuitry realised on a chip wired into a human being — a
kind of cyborg sandwich.
Because the molecule must be injected into the
brain, this
kind of chemical - based fMRI won't be applied to humans anytime soon, says Jasanoff, but it could be used to probe addiction and disease using
animals.
The peripheral nervous system
of vertebrate
animals includes three
kinds of nerve cells: sensory neurons, which transmit impulses from sensory receptor structures to the
brain; motor neurons, which innervate the striated, or skeletal, muscles, and autonomic neurons, which regulate the functional activity
of the circulatory system, the organs, the glands and the smooth muscles (such as those
of the intestine).
In various talks, interviews and articles, he suggested that a mathematical
brain model would deliver such fundamental breakthroughs as simulation - driven drug discovery, the replacement
of certain
kinds of animal experiments and a better understanding
of disorders such as Alzheimer's.
A press conference in Washington, D.C. in April provided the setting for an announcement by the Human -
Animal Bond Research Initiative (HABRI) Foundation about a first -
of - its -
kind controlled scientific study that Dr. O'Haire is leading to measure the effects
of service dogs on post 9 - 11 war veterans with PTSD and / or Traumatic
Brain Injury (TBI).
Dogs and cats can sustain injuries to the
brain when they are hit by a car, attacked and bitten around the head by a larger
animal or shaken by a larger
animal or when they fall from a height, receive a gunshot wound or suffer blunt force trauma
of some
kind.
But the reality is that we are using our excess
brain capacity to take the worst aspects
of animal behavior and amplify it beyond precedence: greed, destruction, warfare against our own
kind as well as other species.