A popular theory known as the «unified theory» suggests that differences in
the brightness of active galactic nuclei, as seen from here on Earth, are due to the placement of this donut of obscuring dust relative to our angle of observation.
To excite the voorwerp's glow, the black hole and its surrounding accretion disk, the
active galactic nucleus, or AGN, should have had the
brightness of about 2.5 trillion suns; its radio emission, however, suggested the AGN emitted the equivalent
of a relatively paltry 25,000 suns.