Sentences with phrase «by a molecule called»

Signaling by molecules called prostaglandins plays a key role in the body's response to inflammation.

This enables them to leave the vessels and establish metastases, a process facilitated by a molecule called DR6.

However, once opiate addiction had developed, the scientists observed a functional switch to a separate molecular memory pathway, controlled by a molecule called calmodulin - dependent kinase II or «CaMKII.»

When stimulated by molecules called fibroblast growth factors, this receptor, known as FGFR3, prevents the cells from maturing and impedes bone formation.

By analysing human endometrial cells implanted in mice, Jan Brosens at the University of Warwick, UK, and his colleagues discovered that the four - day window is regulated by a molecule called interleukin - 33.

Finally, their activity was boosted by a molecule called co-enzyme A.

Tight junctions, regulated by a molecule called zonulin, as well as by conformational changes in the proteins occludin and claudin, are dynamic intercellular structures that modulate the trafficking or passage of macromolecules from the intestinal lumen to the submucosa and into systemic circulation (Fasano, 2012).

Cholesterol runs through the blood carried by molecules called lipoproteins.

Not exact matches

They then sound the alarm by producing small hormone - like molecules called cytokines and chemokines.

What Boger wants is to create a better way to develop drugs: through a process called structure - based design in which scientists build up a new drug, atom by atom, after determining the type of molecule that might interrupt the disease process.

Oh, the Calvinists could make perfect sense of it all with a wave of a hand and a swift, confident explanation about how Zarmina had been born in sin and likely predestined to spend eternity in hell to the glory of an angry God (they called her a «vessel of destruction»); about how I should just be thankful to be spared the same fate since it's what I deserve anyway; about how the Asian tsunami was just another one of God's temper tantrums sent to remind us all of His rage at our sin; about how I need not worry because «there is not one maverick molecule in the universe» so every hurricane, every earthquake, every war, every execution, every transaction in the slave trade, every rape of a child is part of God's sovereign plan, even God's idea; about how my objections to this paradigm represented unrepentant pride and a capitulation to humanism that placed too much inherent value on my fellow human beings; about how my intuitive sense of love and morality and right and wrong is so corrupted by my sin nature I can not trust it.

Thus, at the lowest level, electrons tend to unite and converge in the atom; atoms converge by molecularization, crystallization; molecules unite by polymerization; cells unite by conjugation, reproduction, association; nerve ganglions concentrate and localize to form a brain by what might be called a process of cephalization; the higher animal groups form colonies, hives, herds, societies, etc.; man socializes and forms civilizations as foci of attraction and organization.

An elementary step that will be important for our purposes involves the reaction of one molecule, called Y, with two molecules of another kind, denoted X. To the extent that this reaction is elementary, the reaction velocity doubles as the concentration of Y doubles, but increases by a factor of four if the concentration of X doubles.

Scientists Elizabeth D. Prescott and David Julius of the University of California, San Francisco, announced they had identified a lipid molecule called PIP2 that plays a crucial role in controlling the strength of the burning sensation caused by capsaicin.

For lactose to be digested, these two sugar molecules must be separated by an enzyme called lactase.

The molecule — called VCP — is a component of the infected cell rather than a substance produced by the virus itself.

On Earth, the brightest auroras (the high - altitude glows often called the northern and southern lights) are generated when electrons in outer space near Earth are accelerated by large electrical potentials, or voltages, along the lines in our planet's magnetic field and slam into gas molecules in the upper atmosphere above polar regions.

The researchers looked for 200 types of immune - signaling molecules called cytokines and identified 64 that were different, usually more abundant, in the eyes affected by NIV.

Such reactions are specifically catalyzed by the large protein molecules called enzymes, many of which have now been purified and also studied.

Now 24, he is a first - year graduate student in the department of cellular and structural biology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio (UTHSCSA), where he is studying the role of oxidative damage — the wear and tear inflicted upon the cell by toxic molecules called free radicals — in the aging process.

Gene expression is the process where information stored as DNA is converted (transcribed) by enzymes into related molecules called RNAs, and then into proteins that make up the body's structures and signals.

Fischetti and his colleagues used a phage - encoded molecule to identify a bacterial target enzyme called 2 - epimerase, which is used by Bacillus anthracis to synthesize an essential cell wall structure.

Led by researchers at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center — Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC — James), the retrospective study suggested that a pattern of molecules called microRNA (miRNA) in tumor cells might predict patients» response to radiation therapy.

MOFs are microscopic - scale porous crystals engineered from metal ions bound together by organic molecules called ligands.

A team of scientists led by Dr. Martin Zeppenfeld from the Quantum Dynamics Division of Prof. Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching has now made a virtue of necessity: the so - called optoelectrical Sisyphus technique, developed in the group, exploits the polarity of formaldehyde molecules, while reaching temperatures as low as 420 micro-Kelvin.

Oxidative stress is damage to the body caused by an accumulation of unstable molecules called free radicals.

Separate work by Colm Cunningham and his colleagues at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland has shown that interleukin - 1 beta is a likely neuron - killing culprit, along with other inflammatory molecules called prostaglandins (Journal of Neuroscience, doi.org/sdr).

The scientists have observed that the formation of an adenoma in the colon is accompanied by an increase in the production of a molecule called BMP (bone morphogenetic protein).

In what Grashorn calls a «serendipitous discovery», his team has worked out that these signals are generated by speeding electrons produced when cosmic rays collide with molecules in the air.

To help visualize these brief, transient interactions, Li and Wahl turned to a molecule called luciferase, an enzyme that generates bioluminescence of the sort used by fireflies to make their bodies glow.

The company's Single - Molecule, Real - Time (SMRT) DNA sequencing technology starts by chopping DNA into pieces, then isolates each piece in an observation chamber called a zero - mode waveguide.

Lee, Coban, and colleagues suspected that the culprit was chemical waste released by the parasites, including the residue of digested hemoglobin, a molecule called hemozoin.

He uses a technique called diffusion spectrum imaging, which traces neural connections by following water molecules as they diffuse along axons.

Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, researchers from the Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation developed a new chemical process to combine fatty acids from soybeans or coconut and sugar - derived rings from corn to make a renewable soap molecule called Oleo - Furan - Surfactant (OFS).

When G - CSF activates its receptor, it ultimately activates proteins called STATs; the team engineered the cells to churn out the light - generating protein luciferase, which would be turned on by the STAT molecules.

This seems to be triggered by the collective release of a signalling molecule called interferon - beta, although what causes this is unclear.

By modeling the reaction, they concluded that the initial energy burst could come from ultraviolet (UV) light, which produces energetic oxygen called singlet oxygen when it breaks up water molecules.

In 1996, Peter Klein of the University of Pennsylvania discovered that one of lithium's biological activities was inhibiting GSK - 3, an enzyme that modifies other proteins by attaching phosphate molecules, a process called phosphorylation.

The research published in the journal Metabolism, examined a molecule called Lysyl oxidase (LOX) which regulates scarring by making tissue stiffer.

The study, conducted by two teams at Duke University and appearing online Dec. 1 in the journal Neuron, is the first to connect autism to one of the most well - studied pain molecules, called TRPV1 (transient receptor potential ion channel subtype V1), which is a receptor for the main spicy component of chili peppers.

The researchers targeted mTOR with an experimental drug based on a prototype first designed by Shokat, a chemist and an expert in designing molecules to target this type of protein, called a kinase.

These agents are called disaccharide derivatives, and they mimic a class of natural molecules known as rhamnolipids, which are produced and secreted by the bacterium itself.

The team found that lithium delays aging by blocking GSK - 3 and activating another molecule called NRF - 2, which is found in worms, flies and mammals (including humans) and is important for defending cells against damage.

But the flowers that Gaskett studies, called tongue orchids, can produce a molecule that precisely mimics the pheromone made by the females of the species Lissopimpla excelsa, commonly known as dupe wasps.

In a study published in the journal Nature Medicine, the researchers reported that the tumor - suppressing protein AIM2, or Absent in Melanoma 2, helps prevent colon cancer by restricting a signaling molecule called Akt.

The building blocks, says Stupp, a chemist at the University of Illinois in Urbana - Champaign, are molecules called rodcoils, which he did build himself by conventional chemical methods.

Pirate is a member of a class of chemicals called pyrroles, which kill by tampering with several enzymes needed to manufacture the energy storage molecule ATP in cells» mitochondria.

The engineered protein has two ends: one activates T cells by binding to a surface molecule called the CD3 receptor, and the other — based on an antibody called VRC07 — powerfully binds to more than 90 percent of HIV strains.

A team of researchers led by Julie Y. Djeu, Ph.D., associate center director of education and training at Moffitt, discovered that TGF - β produced by tumor cells causes NK cells to make high levels of a molecule called microRNA - 183 (miR - 183).

The activity of the latter protein is known to be blocked by a small molecule called Nutlin - 3.