Like most artists, Bearden could have been swept along
by the abstraction of the 1950s, drawn as many were to the excitement at the heart of what helped New York emerge as an international art center.
While a full account of the divine dynamics must perforce dwell on these interactions, we may briefly consider these distinct natures
by an abstraction of reason.
Knowledge of the real is not
by abstraction of the form from the material substrate, but by the recognition of the true - and also the good, the meaningful and the joyful - embedded and embodied in the material existence.
In the theory we are offering, since knowledge is by intuition and perception, not
by abstraction of only part of the singular real, this ultimate universalism of the nature as sort or species, is said to be a singular real and also a concept defined within a distinct limit of formal variability, both as real, and also as concept.
In this way Whitehead restores the interconnectedness of things to a universe shattered
by the abstractions of Cartesian substance.
Minimalism positioned itself as a reaction to this kind of art, influenced
by the abstractions of Bauhaus artists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian, and the use of industrial materials instead of traditional artistic techniques by the early 20th - century Constructivist movement.
Not exact matches
What is interesting here is not simply that the everyday language
of «a fine day» is determined
by a set
of new - fangled scientific
abstractions, but also the fact that a novel written after the war dares to inhabit the virtual outlook
of before.
Stellar enables tailor - made ICOs
by providing base
abstractions such as accounts, tokens, payments, offers (to exchange one token type for another), and atomic transactions consisting
of multiple operations.
The sixth level
of abstraction displays the categories
of «forces» or «factors» traditionally used
by historians to indicate their disciplinary perspective: economic, political, technological, aesthetic, psychological, social, or cultural.
Although at times Hartshorne has spoken as though his account
of experience rested on some intuition
of its essence as exhibited in his own experience, 2 his predominant view and his philosophical practice advance a concept
of experience that is generated
by dialectical argument rather than
by appeal to direct introspection or intuition: «The philosopher, as Whitehead says, is the «critic
of abstractions.»
But the purpose
of the hierarchy is precisely to formalize the process
of abstraction used
by historians, so that they can avoid the logical inconsistencies that often corrupt their narrative explanations and meet the criticism that has been (I think justly) leveled at them.
If
by God is meant the Ground
of Being, the Essence
of Being, the Absolute, the Weltgeist, and all similar expressions, the reply is still No, for according to Schweitzer such terms «denote nothing actual, but something conceived in
abstractions which for that reason is also absolutely meaningless» (The Philosophy
of Civilization [Macmillan, 1949], p. 304).
First, institutions and
abstractions are personalized
by the use
of expressions
of feeling and thinking.
By abstraction, we can account for certain types
of events, but we can no more predict the particular event than a chemist can predict the location
of a single molecule in a gas - filled chamber.
By sorting out the primary contrasts at their appropriate levels
of abstraction, we provide a critical approach to both the criticism
of narrative explanation and the construction
of logical arguments.
By analyzing the levels
of abstraction used in different accounts
of the same event, we can bring them into correlation, and construct a synthetic model
of the event.
Without such symbolic
abstractions the rational organization
of behavior would be impossible;
by virtue
of them a cognitive relation to the world is established.
Driven
by the Spirit far from humanity's caravan routes, you dared to venture into the untouched wilderness; grown weary
of abstractions,
of attenuations,
of the wordiness
of social life, you wanted to pit yourself against Reality entire and untamed.
We have here a reversal
of Aristotelian
abstraction not unlike that sought
by Hegel, but one accomplished
by means
of a different, nondialectical reformulation
of logic.
In his book Being and Having, Marcel uses a series
of polarities to delineate two basic modes
of relating to the world: being and having; participation and objectification; mystery and problem; presence and object; I - Thou relationships and I - It relationships; thought which stands in the presence
of, and thought which proceeds
by interrogation; concrete thinking and
abstraction; secondary reflection and primary reflection.55 Marcel recognizes that both modes
of relating to the world are necessary, but he feels the contemporary person is increasingly becoming a slave to the possessive orientation.
For our own age, overly captivated
by abstraction, the task
of philosophical reflection is often to reverse the process and recover living experience» living experience
of God, who transcends our human conceptions and confronts us as a philosophy - defying Other even as He addresses us and makes Himself available to us.
As I'll discuss at the end
of my presentation, political science only does this
by dint
of a systematic
abstraction of our lived political experience, that is,
by singularly emphasizing politics as the management
of a conflict
of interests rather than the prudential navigation
of conflicts between competing claims to honor, or
of competing claims to the good.
This is true even
of Platonism, with its inextirpable dualism, its dialectic
of change and the changeless (or
of limit and the infinite), and its equation
of truth with eidetic
abstraction; the world, for all its beauty, is the realm
of fallen vision, separated
by a great chorismos from the realm
of immutable reality.
Generally, process thought holds that that occasions can be present in other occasions only
by simultaneous
abstraction of their uniqueness.
A principle arrived at
by abstraction from one order
of facts, is confronted with facts from another order
of experience, as a test
of speculative applicability: «The success
of the imaginative experiment is always to be tested
by the applicability
of its results beyond the restricted locus from which it originated» (PR 5/8).
On this view, the universal principles, which are arrived at
by means
of abstraction from particulars, retain an intrinsic link with the particulars subsumed under it.
The overall situation in matters
of abstraction is triadic (to use the term favored
by C. S. Peirce).
The viability
of abstraction as a process that transcends the limits
of experiential concreta follows
by a transcendental argument from the possibility
of communication — to the «conditions under which alone» communication is possible.
Whitehead's approach here is crystallized in his «ontological principle,» that «whatever things there are in any sense
of «existence,» are derived
by abstraction from actual occasions» (PR 73).
The caution is against replacing the old set
of abstractions, brought to the learning situation
by the student, with a new set
of abstractions chosen on the basis
of a pattern apparent only to the person in charge, i.e., the teacher.
of «extensive connection,»
of «whole and part,»
of various types
of «geometrical elements» derivable
by «extensive
abstraction»; but excluding the introduction
of more special properties
by which straight lines are definable and measurability thereby introduced.
By contrast, Sartre's text is a structure made up
of coined
abstractions and stipulative definitions.
He does so
by abstracting principles out
of the specific laws
of Leviticus and then associating those
abstractions with other biblical passages.
Premack suggests that the degree
of abstraction can be measured
by «transfer,» a similar response to conditions other than those in which the organism was trained (OAHC 424).
The idea
of metaphysics in general can not be grasped in
abstraction by a purely formal definition unless we allow this abstract idea to sprout determinations
of its own in the shape
of particular metaphysical problems.
In the language
of physics, the simplest «physical feelings» are units
of energy transference; or, rather, the physicist's idea that energy is transmitted according to quantum conditions is an
abstraction from the concrete facts
of the universe, which are individual occasions
of experience connected
by their «physical feelings.»
My Lutheran friend is pleased that Catholics and Lutherans can approve a common statement on justification
by faith, but «doctrinal agreement turns out to be sheer
abstraction apart from a concrete vision
of the shape
of the Life we are saved to live.»
But it was carried to an extreme
by some
of the rationalists who reduced the Godhead to an
abstraction void
of all content.
Such conformation is witnessed just as clearly
by accurate descriptions
of natural and historical events as
by abstraction, generalization, and inference.
But in vain he struggles thus; the difficulty he stumbled against demands a breach with immediacy as a whole, and for that he has not sufficient self - reflection or ethical reflection; he has no consciousness
of a self which is gained
by the infinite
abstraction from everything outward, this naked, abstract self (in contrast to the clothed self
of immediacy) which is the first form
of the infinite self and the forward impulse in the whole process whereby a self infinitely accepts its actual self with all its difficulties and advantages.
Beneath this apparent difference is agreement between Bergson and Whitehead that all products
of the mind are partial and do distort the wholes (to which they correspond)
by presenting a part for the whole.14
Abstraction is just such a useful distortion.)
An alternative route
of abstraction,
by thinking away all energy that sets up physical relations, and thinking this away
by having substances too dense to release radiation, also leads to a space concept that may be approximated somewhere in nature.
Karl Stephan raises the objection that my conception
of a machine as a physical system constrained entirely
by its constitution, dynamics, and interrelationships
of parts is just as much an
abstraction as the Enlightenment conception
of matter that I challenge.
Lowe claims that «Whitehead,
by means
of the method
of extensive
abstraction which he had invented, constructed the scientific concepts
of space and time.
In any case, at least the fallacy
of simple location, and in part the fallacy
of misplaced concreteness, two
of Whitehead's most important critical ideas, arise from and are explicitly attributed to Whitehead's reading
of and engagement with Bergson's philosophy.17 Indeed, these two critical ideas about failings in the history
of philosophy are addressed
by both Bergson and Whitehead with the same twofold strategy: (1) a common method designed to minimize the distortion that enters into our metaphysical descriptions while allowing us still to generalize (extensive
abstraction); and (2) a common descriptive postulate or tool (the epochal occasion).
«55 Lowe claims Bergson has nothing like the method
of extensive
abstraction, which I have suggested earlier is not only false, but chances are Whitehead even took the idea for extensive
abstraction from Bergson, apparently both having been «influenced» (in my sense
of the term)
by one
of William James» insights.
This natural «almost instinctive» immediacy
of the interrelated truths, or «counterparts», concerning God, our own minds and our own physical environment is we think, as did Newman, in tension with theories
of that knowledge is mediated
by the process
of abstraction.
As Bultmann uses them, the former refers to an event so far as it is significant for human existence (e.g., the cross as the salvation - occurrence through which I understand myself as judged and forgiven
by God), while the latter refers to an event considered in
abstraction from such significance (e.g., the cross as an incident in the annals
of ancient history).»
The critique
of deontological and utilitarian
abstractions (as evidenced in the categorical imperative or in the exhortation to maximize happiness) offered
by virtue ethicists is enhanced
by Hartshorne's own critique
of metaphysical
abstractions.
Yet, for the past decade; the organized ecumenical movement has been viewed with indifference, if not suspicion,
by Christians who have preferred to cultivate their personal spiritual gardens, to pursue various sorts
of denominational consolidation and reorganization, or to wrestle with the relation
of faith to social issues in
abstraction from the struggle for the integrity
of the social reality
of the church.