Sentences with phrase «by aerosols as»

Seland, P. Stier, and T. Takemura, 2006: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present - day and pre-industrial simulations.

Not exact matches

Now, research suggests that for the past decade, such stratospheric aerosols — injected into the atmosphere by either recent volcanic eruptions or human activities such as coal burning — are slowing down global warming.

Overall, the new measures would lower global anthropogenic emissions of methane by 50 % and of black carbon aerosols, also known as soot, by 80 %.

The controversial approach, known as stratospheric aerosol injection, is designed to effectively cool the Earth's surface by reflecting some sunlight before it reaches the surface.

Geoengineering — the intentional manipulation of the climate to counter the effect of global warming by injecting aerosols artificially into the atmosphere — has been mooted as a potential way to deal with climate change.

Since the 1990s, scientists have been discussing using aircraft to inject aerosols, such as sulfates, into the atmosphere as a form of geoengineering to mimic volcanic eruptions that sometimes cool the planet by casting shades of particulate matter.

Another study, published last year in Reviews of Geophysics, lists the man - made aerosols as coming from sulfates, nitrate and black carbon emitted by internal combustion engines, coal - fired power plants, slash - and - burn agricultural practices, and smoke from cooking.

On their own, aerosol particles are tiny; when a cloud droplet becomes a rain droplet, it grows by a factor of a million as droplets crash and coalesce together.

By using smaller grids — with spacing of just a few kilometers rather than several tens of kilometers as in conventional current models — they were able to show that they could more realistically model the amount of black carbon aerosols, mitigating the underestimation in more coarse - grained models.

The researchers [3] quantified China's current contribution to global «radiative forcing» (the imbalance, of human origin, of our planet's radiation budget), by differentiating between the contributions of long - life greenhouse gases, the ozone and its precursors, as well as aerosols.

These chemical compounds were once emitted by dry cleaning processes, old refrigerators, and aerosols such as hairspray.

According to the report, sulfate and other aerosols reflect sunlight and reduce the amount of solar energy hitting Earth's surface by as much as 15 %.

Soot particles, also known as black carbon aerosols, affect climate by absorbing sunlight, which warms the surrounding air and limits the amount of solar radiation that reaches the ground.

The researchers created a model for predicting the velocity and height of jet aerosols produced by bubbles from 20 microns to several millimeters in size, and in liquids as viscous as water, or up to ten times more viscous.

Simulating natural and humanmade climate drivers, scientists showed that the decline in rainfall is primarily a response to humanmade increases in greenhouse gases as well as a thinning of the ozone caused by humanmade aerosol emissions.

Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study shows that in the most polluted areas of northern and eastern China, aerosol pollution is reducing the potential for solar electricity generation by as much as one and a half kilowatt - hour per square meter per day, or up to 35 percent.

Detailed microbiome analyses of the samples by Brent Williams, PhD, and Ian Lipkin, MD, at Columbia University in New York City identified Candida species as the dominant airborne fungus, a finding not previously reported from other aerosol sampling campaigns in other regions of the globe.

Funded by the U.K. government, SPICE was set up in 2010 by British research institutions to investigate whether aerosols, such as sulfate particles, could be injected into Earth's stratosphere to scatter sunlight back into space, thereby stalling global warming.

In a paper published in Science in 1994, they concluded that the geographic pattern of the outbreak clearly showed that it was caused by an aerosol that had escaped from a facility known as Military Compound 19.

Ginot and his team of researchers can also track aerosols — small particles in the atmosphere that fall with snow and get trapped and stored in the ice, layer by layer, as the years pass.

«So as aerosols cut down sunlight by large amounts,» Ramanathan explains, «they may be spinning down the hydrological cycle of the planet.»

Now an international team of researchers led by the lung researcher Marianne Geiser from the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Bern and the aerosol researcher Josef Dommen from the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has shown that secondary particles from gasoline combustion in Euro 5 engines directly damage lung tissue as well as weaken its defense functions.

The study characterized the immune responses generated by vaccination against Ebola delivered to the respiratory tract as either an aerosol or liquid.

While a large amount of aerosols that exist in the Earth's atmosphere are naturally occurring — created by processes such as mechanical suspension by wind or sea spray — much is produced as a result of industrialization.

By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosolBy adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosolby outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.

Human - generated aerosols can enter the atmosphere directly, as is the case with soot emitted by internal combustion engines in cars and trucks, he explains.

But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher — aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three - quarters, cutting increases by 1.8 °C.

-- As used in this section, the term «black carbon» means primary light absorbing aerosols, as defined by the Administrator, based on the best available sciencAs used in this section, the term «black carbon» means primary light absorbing aerosols, as defined by the Administrator, based on the best available sciencas defined by the Administrator, based on the best available science.

If the middle troposphere is warming it is either as predicted by the models or because of aerosols not both.

This contains the quote that quadrupling aerosols could decrease the mean surface temperature (of Earth) by as much as 3.5 degrees K.

Climate is not different, as can be seen in the fact that a broad range of cloud feedbacks (compensated by other parameters...) or a range of combined aerosol / CO2 sensitivities is able to fit the temperature of the past century.

Aerosol administration was performed as follows, the residual cup was filled with 8mls of the cisplatin agent and the nebulisation time was 10 minutes (almost 1 ml / minute) as observed from our previous studies.14 The aerosol was delivered to the mice (one by one) within a nose only cage that has been previously presented.34 In the groups receiving the intratumoral cisplatin an insulin injection was used to deliver the 2mls of cisplatin within the tumor in different depths, however; a quantity of the drug when the injection was made superficially was lost since it was not accumAerosol administration was performed as follows, the residual cup was filled with 8mls of the cisplatin agent and the nebulisation time was 10 minutes (almost 1 ml / minute) as observed from our previous studies.14 The aerosol was delivered to the mice (one by one) within a nose only cage that has been previously presented.34 In the groups receiving the intratumoral cisplatin an insulin injection was used to deliver the 2mls of cisplatin within the tumor in different depths, however; a quantity of the drug when the injection was made superficially was lost since it was not accumaerosol was delivered to the mice (one by one) within a nose only cage that has been previously presented.34 In the groups receiving the intratumoral cisplatin an insulin injection was used to deliver the 2mls of cisplatin within the tumor in different depths, however; a quantity of the drug when the injection was made superficially was lost since it was not accumulated.

Geoengineering activities are mimicked in the models by modifying the volcanic aerosol radiative inputs, applied as variations in stratospheric optical depth over four zonal bands bounded by the equator, 30degreesN and 30degreesS.

Therefore, considering the large contribution of these particles to the aerosol mass concentration in the atmosphere and the importance of the INPs, we study the ability of these particles as INPs by immersion freezing mode.

Ultraviolet dust aerosol properties as observed by MARCI M. J. Wolff, R. T. Clancy, J. D. Gougen, M. C. Malin, and B. A. Cantor Icarus 208, 143 — 155, doi: 10.1016 / j.icarus.2010.01.010, July 2010.

Most studies consider a range of anthropogenic forcing factors, including greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosol forcing, sometimes directly including the indirect forcing effect, such as Knutti et al. (2002, 2003), and sometimes indirectly accounting for the indirect effect by using a wide range of direct forcing (e.g., Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002, 2006).

Knutti et al. (2002) also determine that strongly negative aerosol forcing, as has been suggested by several observational studies (Anderson et al., 2003), is incompatible with the observed warming trend over the last century (Section 9.2.1.2 and Table 9.1).

Expectations of decreases in large source regions such as China [195] may be counteracted by aerosol increases other places as global population continues to increase.

As long as the temporal pattern of variation in aerosol forcing is approximately correct, the need to achieve a reasonable fit to the temporal variation in global mean temperature and the difference between Northern and Southern Hemisphere temperatures can provide a useful constraint on the net aerosol radiative forcing (as demonstrated, e.g., by Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Stott et al., 2006cAs long as the temporal pattern of variation in aerosol forcing is approximately correct, the need to achieve a reasonable fit to the temporal variation in global mean temperature and the difference between Northern and Southern Hemisphere temperatures can provide a useful constraint on the net aerosol radiative forcing (as demonstrated, e.g., by Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Stott et al., 2006cas the temporal pattern of variation in aerosol forcing is approximately correct, the need to achieve a reasonable fit to the temporal variation in global mean temperature and the difference between Northern and Southern Hemisphere temperatures can provide a useful constraint on the net aerosol radiative forcing (as demonstrated, e.g., by Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Stott et al., 2006cas demonstrated, e.g., by Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Stott et al., 2006c).

In addition, both internal variability and aerosol forcing are likely to affect tropical storms in large part though changes in ocean temperature gradients (thereby changing ITCZ position and vertical shear), while greenhouse gases likely exert their influence by more uniformly changing ocean and tropospheric temperatures, so the physics of the problem may suggest this decomposition as more natural as well.

Preparation of teenagers by a grant him pen pepper aerosol for example, as unnoticeable, but effective methods to stop any violent situations they can clash, be that to date on an evening - party, in a shopping center or elsewhere.

Dog Flu, also referred to as Canine Influenza or CIV, is highly contagious and rapidly spread by a combination of aerosols, droplets, and direct contact with respiratory secretions or contaminated fomites.

It is widely recognized that asthma attacks can be triggered by allergens in the environment such as pollens, dust, smoke, fumes, mold, fragrances and aerosols.

Medinger recommended disinfecting furniture and surfaces around the house when the dog recovers from the flu by using general household disinfectants such as aerosol sprays and cleaners.

In addition to those blasts of aerosol and the dance of the wrist, viewers will be rewarded by looking as well for the ways in which Solomon would mask off certain forms within the painting.

Mail Art is a particularly well - represented field with such titles as, «Smile,» «Bile» and «Vile» (all takeoffs on «LIFE»), «Omnibus News,» (from 1969), Italian Vittore Baroni's «ArtePostale,» and two works from Belgium, Guy Schraenen's «Libellus,» and «Aerosol,» edited by Roger Avau.

But, as far as I can see, the «attacks» by vested interests are not even able to make legitimate points (e.g. uncertainty about the effects of clouds or aerosols in climate models).

Let me try to be more explicit: if you want to assume (or, if you prefer, conclude) that aerosols produced by the increased burning of fossil fuels after WWII had a cooling effect that essentially cancelled out the warming that would be expected as a result of the release of CO2 produced by that burning, then it's only logical to conclude that there exists a certain ratio between the warming and cooling effects produced by that same burning.

However, such model studies can not provide definite answers, as there is a range of possible model outcomes because the solar forcing is just one of several forcings (e.g. aerosols, greenhouse gases, land surface) that are not well - constrained by observations.

«A rapid cutback in greenhouse gas emissions could speed up global warming... because current global warming is offset by global dimming — the 2 - 3ºC of cooling cause by industrial pollution, known to scientists as aerosol particles, in the atmosphere.»