Sentences with phrase «by aerosols in the atmosphere»

The research from top scientists studying a decade of atmospheric data has shown how cloud and weather development are affected by aerosols in the atmosphere.

Not exact matches

By analyzing satellite data and other measures, Daniel and his colleagues found that such aerosols have been on the rise in Earth's atmosphere in the past decade, nearly doubling in concentration.

How much radiation is reflected by sulphur dioxide aerosols varies according to the size of the droplets, their height in the atmosphere, whether it is night or day, what season it is and several other factors.

The study by Raack and an international team of collaborators gives important insights into the contribution of dust devils to mineral aerosols in planetary atmospheres.

Ultimately, scientists hope to learn how aerosols affect clouds, how much aerosols are produced by humans and nature and how they travel in the atmosphere.

Ginot and his team of researchers can also track aerosols — small particles in the atmosphere that fall with snow and get trapped and stored in the ice, layer by layer, as the years pass.

While a large amount of aerosols that exist in the Earth's atmosphere are naturally occurring — created by processes such as mechanical suspension by wind or sea spray — much is produced as a result of industrialization.

Other aerosols can bring about temporary atmospheric cooling, mainly by seeding clouds that linger in the atmosphere longer than they normally would, or by scattering light.

Human - generated aerosols can enter the atmosphere directly, as is the case with soot emitted by internal combustion engines in cars and trucks, he explains.

Now, thanks to a team of scientists led by Dr. Rahul Zaveri of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, we know pollutant gases given off at night, which remain concentrated in the atmosphere, can react with naturally occurring compounds to form troubling aerosols.

Sally, who was nominated by Dr. Beat Schmid, Associate Director, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, was honored for her exceptional contribution in the field of atmospheric science, particularly in her efforts to improve understanding of the radiative effect of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's atmosphere and their representation in climate models.

Therefore, considering the large contribution of these particles to the aerosol mass concentration in the atmosphere and the importance of the INPs, we study the ability of these particles as INPs by immersion freezing mode.

Forcing caused by changes in the Sun's brightness, by dust in the atmosphere, or by volcanic aerosols can also be translated into radiative forcing.

Why It Matters: Aerosols, tiny airborne particles of dust and pollution suspended in the atmosphere, affect the atmosphere and the surface of Earth by scattering and absorbing light.

CLOUD shows that organic vapours emitted by trees produce abundant aerosol particles in the atmosphere in the absence of sulphuric acid.

Secondary organic aerosols, or SOAs, are created when hydrocarbon gases, given off by everything from pine trees to snow blowers, undergo a series of chemical reactions in the atmosphere to produce particles.

Paraphrasing the text in the post, aerosols that are input into the atmosphere, due to their spatial heterogeneity, also cause regions of heating or cooling that the atmosphere can respond to by changing its circulation — and that might have further climate effects in places far away from where the aerosols are input.

To find out if including the shielding of PAHs by viscous aerosols would improve global atmosphere models, the scientists used laboratory experiments to develop a new way of representing PAHs in a global model.

«We developed and implemented new modeling approaches based on laboratory measurements to include shielding of toxics by organic aerosols in a global atmosphere model that resulted in large improvements of model predictions,» said PNNL scientist Dr. Manish Shrivastava.

«A rapid cutback in greenhouse gas emissions could speed up global warming... because current global warming is offset by global dimming — the 2 - 3ºC of cooling cause by industrial pollution, known to scientists as aerosol particles, in the atmosphere.»

This is a peer reviewed paper by respected scientists who are saying that aerosol forcing means that the majority of the warming caused by existing co2 emission has effectively been masked thus far, and that as aerosols remain in the atmosphere for far shorter a duration of time than co2, we will have already most likely crossed the 2 degree threshold that the G8 politicians have been discussing this week once the cooling effect of aerosols dissipate.

The effect of both CO2 and aerosols by mass in the atmosphere are not linear and do not follow each other in lock step, hence to claim that aerosols would have a cancelling effect no matter what the rate of fossil fuel combustion would be a false assumption.

We've changed the atmosphere in other ways, mainly by adding ozone and aerosols at the ground, and destroying ozone high in the atmosphere with CFCs.

«We found that red - to - green ratios measured in the sunsets of paintings by great masters correlate well with the amount of volcanic aerosols in the atmosphere, regardless of the painters and of the school of painting,» Zerefos said.

These analyses indicate that it is likely that greenhouse gases alone would have caused more than the observed warming over the last 50 years of the 20th century, with some warming offset by cooling from natural and other anthropogenic factors, notably aerosols, which have a very short residence time in the atmosphere relative to that of well - mixed greenhouse gases (Schwartz, 1993).

If by observational data, you mean the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere, I think that would be a key piece of information that would need to be included in the models as without it the response to volcanic events can not be modeled or predicted.

These were intriguing, as well as highly speculative: first the possibility of deliberately using additional targeted aerosol injection to stimulate coagulation of the particles in the volcanic aerosol; mitigating its effects by causing the particles to drop out of the atmosphere more swiftly.

Some models include volcanic effects by simply perturbing the incoming shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere, while others simulate explicitly the radiative effects of the aerosols in the stratosphere.

In the opposite transition to rapid warming in 1975, once again I am struck by the fact that while aerosol emissions ceased to rise, they did not disappear entirely from the atmosphere, but began a gradual decline from a high peaIn the opposite transition to rapid warming in 1975, once again I am struck by the fact that while aerosol emissions ceased to rise, they did not disappear entirely from the atmosphere, but began a gradual decline from a high peain 1975, once again I am struck by the fact that while aerosol emissions ceased to rise, they did not disappear entirely from the atmosphere, but began a gradual decline from a high peak.

In response, the IPCC added a cooling factor to its models of the atmosphere, consisting of tiny aerosol particles produced by the emission of sulfur dioxide from electric power plants.

New evidence shows that the ocean also acts as a source of organic matter from biogenic origin -LSB-...] Surface - active organic matter of biogenic origin -LSB-...] enriched in the oceanic surface layer and transferred to the atmosphere by bubble - bursting processes, are the most likely candidates to contribute to the observed organic fraction in marine aerosol.

Like other tiny atmospheric particles called aerosols, black carbon (BC) has a short lifetime in the atmosphere of about a week because it is removed by rain or snow.

«The results also show that ionisation of the atmosphere by cosmic rays accounts for nearly one - third of all particles formed, although small changes in cosmic rays over the solar cycle do not affect aerosols enough to influence today's polluted climate significantly.»

Research published in 2008 by Arizona State University professor Peter Crozier suggests that this nanoscale atmospheric aerosol species is abundant in the atmosphere over East Asian countries and should be explicitly included in models of radiative forcing (the gap between energy radiation reaching the Earth and that leaving through the upper atmosphere).

The formation of cloud droplets and cloud ice crystals is associated with suspended aerosols, which are produced by natural processes as well as human activities and are ubiquitous in Earth's atmosphere.

7.4.5 Impact of Cosmic Rays on Aerosols and Clouds 43 44 High solar acti0vity leads to variations in the strength and three - dimensional structure of the heliosphere, 45 which reduces the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) impinging upon the Earth's atmosphere by increasing 46 the deflection of low energy GCR.

Worse, the fine aerosol particles released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels could put a complete stop to the monsoon rains in central southern China and northern India.

Previous pauses in temperature rise in 1982 and 1991 were attributed to the ash and sulfur aerosols spewed into the atmosphere by the volcanic eruptions of El Chichón in Mexico and Pinatubo in the Philippines, respectively.

Organic aerosols that are directly injected in the atmosphere in the particulate phase are called primary organic aerosols (POA), while those that are created by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds are known as secondary organic aerosols (SOA).

a) decreases («dimming») until the 1980s, because atmospheric pollutants (aerosols) make the atmosphere more reflective and also clouds, by increasing the number of water droplets in the clouds, which in turn increases the amount of sunlight reflected, and subsequent

But it is absolutely more accurate than modeled GCM data squished from manipulated records that require periodic convenient up and down changes in aerosol content in the world's atmosphere so the model output matches past manipulated temporarily records... aerosol measurements that have never been previously promoted until the constants in GCM models required year - by - year changes.

Aerosols have both natural and human sources, so if we just assume aerosol concentration variation in the atmosphere will continue as it has for the last 165 years, then future AGW can be projected with TCR (1 + beta) where beta is the historical fraction of CO2 radiative forcing caused by all other GHG and aAerosols have both natural and human sources, so if we just assume aerosol concentration variation in the atmosphere will continue as it has for the last 165 years, then future AGW can be projected with TCR (1 + beta) where beta is the historical fraction of CO2 radiative forcing caused by all other GHG and aerosolsaerosols.

Tropospheric aerosols play a crucial role in climate and can cause a climate forcing directly by absorbing and reflecting sunlight, thereby cooling or heating the atmosphere, and indirectly by modifying cloud properties.

Aerosols in the lower atmosphere have reduced global warming and the frequency of intense hurricanes by reflecting a small fraction of sunlight back to space.

A recent paper by Dr. Tami Bond and colleagues finds that carbon aerosols — particulates released into that atmosphere from a variety of human activities including diesel engines, open cook stoves, poorly filtered coal burning, and open burning, etc. — have played a much larger role in impacting the climate than has been previously recognized (and included in climate models).

But in vitro values become, in effect, theoretical calculations when they're applied by GCMs to model vastly greater columns of atmosphere, where cloud droplets and ice crystals, various aerosols and particulates — not to mention highly variable water vapor — appear in situ.

In the atmosphere, such aerosols can significantly cool the planet by scattering incoming radiation or helping form clouds that deflect incoming light.

There, he co-authored an article for Science arguing that the warming effect caused by rising amounts of carbon - dioxide in the atmosphere would be swamped by the cooling effect caused by aerosol pollution like dust and smoke.

Recently it was suggested that the formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is connected with the existence of thermodynamically stable 1 - to 2 - nm clusters, formed in the atmosphere by some nucleation mechanism.

They are referring to a 1971 article written by climatologist Stephen Schneider, in which he did, indeed, make that prediction; however, as he himself now acknowledges, new evidence soon followed its publication that suggested that 1) the cooling impact of aerosols was not nearly as high as originally estimated and 2) there were many other gases in the atmosphere, including methane, CFCs and ozone, that had the same warming effect as carbon dioxide.