Sentences with phrase «by an electron at»

Not exact matches

Thus, at the lowest level, electrons tend to unite and converge in the atom; atoms converge by molecularization, crystallization; molecules unite by polymerization; cells unite by conjugation, reproduction, association; nerve ganglions concentrate and localize to form a brain by what might be called a process of cephalization; the higher animal groups form colonies, hives, herds, societies, etc.; man socializes and forms civilizations as foci of attraction and organization.

However, if we look at the present state of the electron, we see that its future state is determined by the present event in which it is situated.

Beneath our eyes, extending from the electron to Man by way of the proteins, viruses, bacteria, protozoa and metazoa, a long chain of composites is forming and unfolding, eventually attaining an astronomical degree of complexity and arrangement, and centered pari passu upon itself while at the same time it animates itself.

At the very bottom of the board we have the 92 simple chemical elements (from hydrogen to uranium) formed by groups of atomic nuclei together with their electrons.

In the long term, electrons accelerated by high - repetition PW pulses could slash the cost of particle physicists» dream machine: a 30 - kilometer - long electron - positron collider that would be a successor to the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland.

Inside this shell is a ghostly blue glow that is radiation given off by electrons spiraling at nearly the speed of light in the powerful magnetic field around the crushed stellar core.

Specifically, Yevgeny Raitses, working at PPPL; Marlene Patino, a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles; and Angela Capece, a professor at the College of New Jersey, have in the past year published experimental findings on how secondary electron emission is affected by different wall materials and structures, based on research they did at PPPL.

The physicists calculated that tiny fibers called «fractals,» because they look the same when viewed at different scales, can trap electrons dislodged from the interior surfaces by other electrons zooming in from the plasma.

As a young professor at the California Institute of Technology, Pauling realized that he could explain the magnetism of certain molecules by the arrangements of their electrons and that this approach satisfied the predictions of quantum mechanics.

A team led by Stuart Licht at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa has come up with a new cathode made from unusual iron - based molecules — iron (VI), or «super-iron,» compounds — that absorb more electrons than manganese dioxide.

By the way on March 19th, the LHC broke its own record by creating beams of protons at an energy level of 3.5 trillion electron voltBy the way on March 19th, the LHC broke its own record by creating beams of protons at an energy level of 3.5 trillion electron voltby creating beams of protons at an energy level of 3.5 trillion electron volts.

In this Perspective, Wolf and Ertl discuss results by Kliewer et al. (page 1399) and Petek et al. (page 1402), which illustrate the fundamental insights into the microscopic characteristics of electron dynamics at surfaces that can be obtained by state - of - the - art high spatial and temporal resolution studies.

The electrons or radio waves that are sent directly from your own computer usually don't get far — a few hundred feet at most — before being digested by another computer.

Giovanni Bignami, an astrophysicist at the Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements in Toulouse, France, has now found a pulsar that tests physics another way, by illuminating the invisible stretches of interstellar material with a brilliant blast of energetic electrons.

Dubbed Y (4260), the mysterious particle has appeared about 100 times after billions of collisions of electrons and positrons recorded by the BaBar detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

He's done so by precisely focusing infrared laser light to selectively ionize, or steal the electrons from, air molecules at the beam's focal point, generating a flash of bluish - white plasma.

The simulations revealed that energy likely was deposited by electrons traveling at about 20 percent of the speed of light.

For the first time, they managed to control the shape of the laser pulse to keep an electron both free and bound to its nucleus, and were at the same time able to regulate the electronic structure of this atom dressed by the laser.

This quote can be found, Colin Stone informs us, at poweroptimizer.com, which goes on to claim that the device works by «training the electrons to flow more efficiently».

Robert Grubbs, a chemist now at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and colleagues solved this problem by replacing molybdenum with ruthenium, a less electron - hungry transition metal.

For a monopole with twice the minimum charge, Rajantie and Gould determined that magnetic monopoles must be more massive than about 10 billion electron volts, going by data from collisions of lead nuclei in the Super Proton Synchrotron, a smaller accelerator at CERN.

Now a research team led by Dr. Peter Baum and Dr. Yuya Morimoto at LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics (MPQ) has developed a new mode of electron microscopy, which enables one to observe this fundamental interaction in real time and real space.

They also provide an avenue for designing other types of electron emitters with atom - by - atom precision, said Nick Melosh, an associate professor at SLAC and Stanford who led the study.

A new model developed by researchers at Chalmers describes how much the electrons are decelerated, paving the way to making these runaway electrons harmless.

These bursts must have been caused by electrons with energies of 1000 teraelectronvolts or more, about 100 times the energies that the protons inside the LHC will attain at full power.

The study appeared in the April 14 print edition of Chemical Communications in the article «Visualizing Nanoparticle Mobility in Liquid at Atomic Resolution,» by Madeline Dukes, an applications scientist at Protochips Inc. in Raleigh, N.C.; Benjamin Jacobs, an applications scientist at Protochips; David Morgan, assistant manager of the Cryo - Transmission Electron Microscopy Facility at Indiana University Bloomington; Harshad Hegde, a computer scientist at the Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute; and Kelly, who is also an assistant professor of biological sciences in the College of Science at Virginia Tech.

The image, captured by a scanning electron microscope, was taken as the nanowires grew on silicon at room temperature.

And another team at the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology in Japan helped the UChicago researchers make quantum defects in the materials by irradiating them with electron beams.

By taking clever advantage of the interplay between light, electrons on the surface of metals, and heat, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have for the first time created a plasmomechanical oscillator (PMO), so named because it tightly couples plasmons — the collective oscillations of electrons at the surface of a metal nanoparticle — to the mechanical vibrations of the much larger device it's embedded in.

Using a recently installed high - powered electron microscope at Imperial, a team of researchers lead by Dr Morgan Beeby from the Department of Life Sciences has been able visualize these motors in unprecedented detail.

At these «beamlines» scientists harvest X-rays produced by the electrons as they pass through carefully controlled magnetic fields (see «Europe's shining new light», New Scientist, 14 March 1992).

Usually, in small - molecule junctions, electrons «pushed» through the junction by the applied bias make the leap continuously, from one electrode into the other, so that the number of electrons on the molecule at each instant of time is not well - defined.

This A-beta peptide fibril has been rendered in 3 - D by a transmission electron microscope, providing the most detailed look yet at the telltale sign of Alzheimer's disease.

Electrons in such a semiconductor can only exist at certain energies which are divided into bands separated by forbidden energy gaps.

According to a new study led by scientists at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and at the University of California, Berkeley, electrons in vanadium dioxide can conduct electricity without conducting heat.

A team led by Latha Venkataraman, professor of applied physics and chemistry at Columbia Engineering and Xavier Roy, assistant professor of chemistry (Arts & Sciences), published a study today in Nature Nanotechnology that is the first to reproducibly demonstrate current blockade — the ability to switch a device from the insulating to the conducting state where charge is added and removed one electron at a time — using atomically precise molecular clusters at room temperature.

«To conclude,» Banhart writes, «a connection between carbon nanotubes was achieved by depositing carbon contamination selectively at nanotube junctions with an electron beam.»

When the researchers switched the electric current off by deoxygenating the water, thereby removing the electron acceptor at the sediment surface, the depth of the hydrogen sulfide layer in the sediment rose in less than an hour, as deeper microbes could no longer consume it.

Inside the giant doughnut - shaped building that houses the synchrotron, a high energy electron beam runs at close to the speed of light in a storage ring 844 metres in circumference, shielded by thick concrete walls.

So the bacteria evidently form a sort of conductive chain, comprising biological nanowires and possibly pyrite grains embedded in the mud, that allows electrons from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and carbon within the sediment to contribute to the reduction of oxygen by other microbes at the sediment surface.

At room temperature the motions of electron spins can be largely affected by heat.

The team, led by Prof. Yuichi Ikuhara, applied the focused electron beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to irradiate SrNbO3.4 crystals, and demonstrated a precise control of a phase transformation from layered SrNbO3.4 to perovskite SrNbO3 at the atomic scale.

This calculation method enabled us to more accurately perform theoretical prediction of IMFP compared to the experimental value, which was obtained by applying spectrometry (extended X ‐ ray absorption fine structure spectrometry) to low - speed electrons of Copper and molybdenum at the high - brilliant synchrotron radiation facility, and to explain the relationship between energy measurement and the types of materials.

By using an advanced experimental set - up, the team was able to record all electrons and ions that were created at every X-ray absorption event.

«In looking at some of the past data taken by Davis's group, I noticed that the electron behavior was unique to the horizontal bonds of the CuO2 plane,» he said.

Now, a team led by physicist Yimei Zhu at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory has produced definitive evidence that the movement of electrons has a direct effect on atomic arrangements, driving deformations in a material's 3D crystalline lattice in ways that can drastically alter the flow of current.

The engine creates thrust by accelerating xenon ions — atoms stripped of one or more electrons, giving them a positive charge — through the negatively charged grid and spewing them out the back of the ship at 4,000 miles per hour.

Motivated by evidence that electrons in groups of aluminum atoms might form closed «shells,» physicists A. Welford Castleman Jr. at Pennsylvania State University and Shiv N. Khanna at Virginia Commonwealth University began searching for stable configurations of these atoms.

Published by the Condensed Matter research group at the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (NORDITA) at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, the Organic Materials Database is intended as a data mining resource for research into the electric and magnetic properties of crystals, which are primarily defined by their electronic band structure — an energy spectrum of electrons motion which stem from their quantum - mechanical properties.

Members of Paul Sullam's lab at UCSF provided the clinical perspective, members of Maofu Liao's lab at Harvard characterized the targeting complex by electron microscopy, and members of Parastoo Azadi's lab at Georgia analyzed the sugar modifications.