The entire intestinal epithelium is renewed every week due to cell division in the crypts coupled with cell migration towards the villi and loss of cells
by apoptosis at the tip of villi (Fig. 1A).
Not exact matches
Gervais was so impressed
by the
apoptosis research that he later approached Nicholson about doing a postdoc in his lab, which is based
at the Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research.
At the IMCB, headed
by Professor Chris Tan, we were able to increase our productivity through closer collaborations and interactions with scientists studying
apoptosis and cell regulation.
The other 1 million or so oocytes present
at birth die off gradually
by programmed cell death, or
apoptosis, until a woman reaches menopause
at mid-age.
These studies revealed that ADAR1 null mutant mouse embryos dye
at mid-gestation due to widespread
apoptosis and overwhelming interferon responses caused
by activation of the dsRNA sensing mechanism mediated
by MDA5 - MAVS signaling.
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
at the tips of the villi - we lose grams of tissue every day in this way, which needs to be constantly replaced
by the stem cells buried in the crypts
Phosphorylation of Merkel cell polyomavirus large tumor antigen
at serine 816
by ATM kinase induces
apoptosis in host cells.
The p38 - mediated p53 phosphorylation
at Ser15 and subsequent p53 induction has been reported to be responsible for
apoptosis induced
by nitric oxide, hypoxic conditions, DNA - damaging agents, 1 - nitropyrene, and benzo [a] pyrene [30 - 32].
Fortunately, experiments done
by Dr. Jan Vijg
at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and others on mutations (changes in base sequence in DNA) and additional studies commissioned
by SENS Research Foundation on epimutations (changes in the arrangement of methyl groups) suggest that these latter kinds of alterations - the kind that accumulate in cells without triggering
apoptosis or senescence or contributing to cancer - accumulate too slowly to make a difference with the current lifespan.
To confirm the finding, normal bone marrow cells were exposed to either IMGN632 or X-ADC for 72 hours
at a concentration highly active against AML cells (100 pM), and the degree of caspase 3 activation, a marker of
apoptosis, in different cell populations was assessed
by flow cytometry (supplemental Figure 4).
For example, KBs were recently reported to act as neuroprotective agents
by raising ATP levels and reducing the production of reactive oxygen species in neurological tissues, 80 together with increased mitochondrial biogenesis, which may help to enhance the regulation of synaptic function.80 Moreover, the increased synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulated
by a KD may have a role in the regulation of neuronal membrane excitability: it has been demonstrated, for example, that polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the excitability of neurons
by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels.81 Another possibility is that
by reducing glucose metabolism, ketogenic diets may activate anticonvulsant mechanisms, as has been reported in a rat model.82 In addition, caloric restriction per se has been suggested to exert neuroprotective effects, including improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative stress and
apoptosis, and inhibition of proinflammatory mediators, such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor - α and interleukins.83 Although promising data have been collected (see below),
at the present time the real clinical benefits of ketogenic diets in most neurological diseases remain largely speculative and uncertain, with the significant exception of its use in the treatment of convulsion diseases.
You're invited to the opening reception for
Apoptosis, a sculptural exhibit
by DC - based artist and scientist Peter Krsko
at The Fridge.