Sentences with phrase «by areal»

Your message will always be answered by areal human — never an automated system.

Not exact matches

Researchers determined distal radius cortical and trabecular bone microstructure by HR - pQCT, together with areal BMD (aBMD) by DXA.

The latter was discovered by Ford Motor Company in the 1980s, but it was never known how to use it at high areal capacity.

The figure shows an image of Mercury's surface (left; obtained using publicly available mosaic of Mercury from the MESSENGER spacecraft found at http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/) and a color - coded view of the global crater areal density (right), obtained by measuring craters greater than 25 km.

(Anti) Master Summer Class Workshops 21 — 25 May 2018 with Alfredo Jaar 21 — 25 May 2018 with Raqs Media Collective 4 — 8 June 2018 with Bernard Stiegler Applications by latest May 15 to: [email protected] at Zurich University of the Arts, Toni - Areal, Pfingstweidsrasse 96, Zurich

It is closely connected to metrics related to return times (i.e. if areal extent of extremely hot anomalies in any one summer increases by a factor of 10, then the return time at an average location goes from 1 in 330 years to 1 in 33 years).

In case this isn't already clear, there is simply no measure — neither thickness nor areal extent — by which Greenland can be said to have lost 15 % of its ice.

The use of canvas buckets by the Dutch, Japanese and some UK ships is most likely to blame, and given the mix of national fleets shown above, this will make a noticeable difference in 1945 up to the early 1960s maybe — the details will depend on the seasonal and areal coverage of those sources compared to the dominant US information.

... the confusion came most likely from a confusion in definitions of what is the permanent ice sheet, and what are glaciers, with the «glaciers» being either dropped from the Atlas entirely or colored brown (instead of white)... there is simply no measure — neither thickness nor areal extent — by which Greenland can be said to have lost 15 % of its ice.

(Note that radiative forcing is not necessarily proportional to reduction in atmospheric transparency, because relatively opaque layers in the lower warmer troposphere (water vapor, and for the fractional area they occupy, low level clouds) can reduce atmospheric transparency a lot on their own while only reducing the net upward LW flux above them by a small amount; colder, higher - level clouds will have a bigger effect on the net upward LW flux above them (per fraction of areal coverage), though they will have a smaller effect on the net upward LW flux below them.

Here the adjustment is determined by (1) calculating the collocated ship - buoy SST difference over the global ocean from 1982 - 2012, (2) calculating the global areal weighted average of ship - buoy SST difference, (3) applying a 12 - month running filter to the global averaged ship - buoy SST difference, and (4) evaluating the mean difference and its STD of ship - buoy SSTs based on the data from 1990 to 2012 (the data are noisy before 1990 due to sparse buoy observations).

• The predictive capacity of GCMs against the areal precipitation is even poorer (overestimation by about 100 to 300 mm).

The mean areal N2O emissions reported here are approximately an order of magnitude less than those estimated for US reservoirs (Baron et al. 2013) and are consistent with the areal fluxes reported by Yang and colleagues (2014).

PCA was performed as the first step (after areal adjustment) on the gridded instrumental data, 1902 — 1995 and the individual proxy series from 1902 — 1980 were calibrated against the corresponding EOFs of the instrumental data matrix by singular value decomposition to determine retention of reconstructed PCs for each proxy series and then tested for robustness against the 1854 — 1902 validation period as well as a smaller subset of instrumental / historical EOFs going back to the 16th century.

Consequently, assuming mild greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2.6), areal extent of the conditions suitable for the processes in the study areas can contract 70 % by 2050 owing to changes in average air temperature and precipitation.

Coral reefs, which plausibly as a result of climate change could disappear entirely by 2100 and almost certainly will be reduced much in areal extent within the next few decades (Hoegh - Guldberg, 1999; Mumby et al., 2007; Pandolfi et al., 2011; Ricke et al., 2013), are essentially the «rainforests of the sea» (Knowlton and Jackson, 2008) in terms of biodiversity.

b) volumetric effects — change in the volume of water contained in the oceans and the geometry and areal extent of the ocean basins c) gravitational effects — change in the gravitational attraction of the earth (induced by deformation), by the change in distribution of ice and by the change in self - attraction of the water d) rotational effects — change in the moment of inertia caused by a change in the distribution of mass within the earth and on its surface.

Climate envelope modelling suggests that climate change impacts will diminish the areal extent of some ecosystems (e.g., reduction by 2 - 47 % alone due to 1.6 °C warming above pre-industrial, Table 4.1, No. 6) and impact many ecosystem properties and services globally.

b) Distribution of the records by latitude (grey histogram) and areal fraction of the planet in 5 ° steps (blue line).

Last year's minimum areal extent was a bit higher than the record set in 2007, but I have read that this was probably offset to some degree by the thinning of the ice, so that the volume was a minimum, or near minimum, record.

During the summertime sea ice melt, after the surface snow has melted off, the albedo of melting ice is complicated by the presence of melt ponds and depends on the areal coverage and depth distribution of the melt ponds.

I'd guess that there has been some sort of areal weighting so that no matter how many stations / km ^ 2 there are, the global # (s) is (are) not biased by local data collection intensity.