Sentences with phrase «by atmospheric effects»
Not exact matches
By the late 1980s it became clear that global atmospheric pollution causing both the greenhouse effect and the hole in the ozone layer had become critical threats to life on earth (Henderson - Sellers & Blong 1989).
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To determine whether declining pollutants deserve credit for the recovery, the researchers used a 3D atmospheric model to separate the effects of the chemicals from those of weather, which can affect ozone loss through winds and temperature, and volcanic eruptions, which deplete ozone by pumping sulfate particles into the upper atmosphere.
Research at the Rodale Institute found that «organic farming helps combat global warming by capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and incorporating it into the soil, whereas conventional farming exacerbates the greenhouse effect by producing a net release of carbon into the atmosphere.»
Indeed, the team estimates that this cooling effect could reduce by two - thirds the predicted increase in global temperatures initiated by a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chichn emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur - rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, which revealed that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption.
The atmospheric effects of volcanic eruptions were confirmed by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, in the Philippines.
By far the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze.
Lozier (p. 1507) discusses how recent studies have challenged our view of large - scale ocean circulation as a simple conveyor belt, by revealing a more complex and nuanced system that reflects the effects of ocean eddies and surface atmospheric winds on the structure and variability of the ocean's overturning.
But a 2001 study led by atmospheric scientist Mark Jacobson of Stanford University in California suggested that if soot is coated with other pollutants, such as sulfuric acid, its effect could be drastically greater.
Atmospheric science professors Nate Brunsell and David Mechem in KU's Department of Geography are co-authors of a new study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by an international research group that evaluated the effects of large wind farms on atmospheric flow and its implications for how much renewable energy the turbines can generate.
Estimated effects of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations on protein intake and the risk of protein deficiency by country and region.
It's usually explained using the «butterfly effect», in which the atmospheric changes caused by the beating of a butterfly's wings in one location could eventually lead to the production of a tornado in another.
Study co-author Pieter Deroo, also an astronomer at JPL, says that he and his colleagues needed to find a very faint exoplanetary signal in a data set dominated by Earth's atmospheric effects.
Starting in the next century, atmospheric carbon levels could begin to approach those of hundreds of millions of years ago, and have their warming effect augmented by a brighter sun.
It accounted for atmospheric pollution effects that have been cooling Earth by reflecting sunlight into space, and for the slow response time of the ocean.
• This effect is caused by atmospheric refraction, the same type that makes the sun appear to rise earlier and set later than would be expected from astronomical calculations.
Their results showed that changes in key water - stress variables are strongly modified by vegetation physiological effects in response to increased CO2 at the leaf level, illustrating how deeply the physiological effects due to increasing atmospheric CO2 impact the water cycle.
This mission is fulfilled by operating atmospheric observatories around the world that collect massive amounts of atmospheric measurements to provide data products that help scientists study the effects and interactions of clouds and aerosols and their impact on the earth's energy balance.
The atmospheric greenhouse effect, an idea that authors trace back to the traditional works of Fourier 1824, Tyndall 1861, and Arrhenius 1896, and which is still supported in global climatology, essentially describes a fictitious mechanism, in which a planetary atmosphere acts as a heat pump driven by an environment that is radiatively interacting with but radiatively equilibrated to the atmospheric system.
Sally, who was nominated by Dr. Beat Schmid, Associate Director, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, was honored for her exceptional contribution in the field of atmospheric science, particularly in her efforts to improve understanding of the radiative effect of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's atmosphere and their representation in climate models.
By showing that (a) there are no common physical laws between the warming phenomenon in glass houses and the fictitious atmospheric greenhouse effects, (b) there are no calculations to determine an average surface temperature of a planet, (c) the frequently mentioned difference of 33 C is a meaningless number calculated wrongly, (d) the formulas of cavity radiation are used inappropriately, (e) the assumption of a radiative balance is unphysical, (f) thermal conductivity and friction must not be set to zero, the atmospheric greenhouse conjecture is falsified
We also note that the modeled response of atmospheric pressure to the cooling effect of ice melt is large scale, tending to be of a meridional nature that should be handled by our model resolution.
Name one detrimental effect of UV light when it is not stopped by ozone in upper atmospheric layers.
... The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150 % since 1750, and it accounts for 20 % of the total radiative forcing from all of the long - lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases (these gases don't include water vapor which is by far the largest component of the greenhouse effect).
Isotopious @ 25 — Please first study Ray Pierrehumbert's «Principles of Planetary Climate» after reading «The Discovery of Global Warming» by Spencer Weart: http://www.aip.org/history/climate/index.html The effects of atmospheric CO2 were completely worked out by 1979, at the latest.
The CDR potential and possible environmental side effects are estimated for various COA deployment scenarios, assuming olivine as the alkalinity source in ice ‐ free coastal waters (about 8.6 % of the global ocean's surface area), with dissolution rates being a function of grain size, ambient seawater temperature, and pH. Our results indicate that for a large ‐ enough olivine deployment of small ‐ enough grain sizes (10 µm), atmospheric CO2 could be reduced by more than 800 GtC by the year 2100.
This is a large effect for increasing the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by 100 ppm.
This 2006 study found that the effect of amplifying feedbacks in the climate system — where global warming boosts atmospheric CO2 levels — «will promote warming by an extra 15 percent to 78 percent on a century - scale» compared to typical estimates by the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Powered by an enriched Half - Life engine, CS: CZ introduces new game technologies including highly - detailed models, atmospheric enhancements such as snow and rain, and many more dynamic special effects.
The stylized, hand - drawn art style richly fills the screen, enhanced by some beautiful atmospheric and lighting effects.
The simplicity of Cundey's lighting - necessitated somewhat by budgetary limits, yet inspirational nonetheless - blends natural / existing lighting with stylized atmospheric effects, yet the results maintain a balance of rich colours and / or saturated hues, and eerie deep blacks and somber blues.
Each game has a wicked atmospheric soundtrack, subtle creepy effects, and downright scary moments, though the first game will still be considered the best by many players.
Improves the atmospheric visual effects further by improving heathaze and introducing mirages, which are visible on the road when light is refracted by hot air.»
And just when you thought the visuals couldn't possibly look any more eye - watering, Evolution have taken the time to enhance the atmospheric effects; «improving heathaze and introducing mirages, which are visible on the road when light is refracted by hot air.»
KEY FEATURES: CONSOLE - QUALITY GRAPHICS AND SOUND * breathtaking graphics using the latest Android & NVIDIA technology * realistic ragdoll effects and stunning environments * narrated by professional voice actors * atmospheric soundtrack and movie - quality sound effects RPG LAYER WITH DEEP CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT * 3 personas = 3 different personalities * character training and development * unique system of 100 + upgradable body implants and gear sets * 40 + upgradable weapons IMMERSIVE GAMEPLAY WITH CUSTOMIZABLE CONTROLS * 20 + hours of campaign gameplay and 10 + hours of special missions * elaborate system of achievements * full controller support * fully customizable on - screen controls OPTIMIZED FOR NVIDIA SHIELD DEVICES * Portable, TV and tablet * X1 exclusive features: HDR, Depth of Field, high quality textures, bloom effects Feel free to drop us a line at [email protected], or catch up with our latest news on our official website or a social media channel of your choice: www.deadeffect2.com Facebook: Dead Effect Twitter: @DeadEffectGame YouTube: BadFly Interactive
Some works convey a sense of place using no more than a simple graphic line, as demonstrated by Roy Lichtenstein and Saul Steinberg; others inject atmospheric effects as seen in examples by Richard Artschwager, Jennifer Bartlett, and Alexis Rockman.
Since 2007, Tadasky has reintroduced optical effects by infusing his atmospheric circles with brightly colored drips of paint that activate the surface and create a three - dimensional illusion as though the circles bulge out of the picture plane.
His paintings combine time, light, color and atmospheric effects, which are inspired by nature, music and childhood memories.
This is a large effect for increasing the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by 100 ppm.
For example, a biogeochemical model can be used to show that dumping iron in the oceans will have no effect on atmospheric CO2, as any increase in algal growth will be accompanied by increases in remineralization of algal biomass in the water column.
In doing so, we have limited our considerations to the direct climatic effects of steadily rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and have assumed a rate of CO2 increase that would lead to a doubling of airborne concentrations by some time in the first half of the twenty - first century.
By showing that (a) there are no common physical laws between the warming phenomenon in glass houses and the fictitious atmospheric greenhouse effects, (b) there are no calculations to determine an average surface temperature of a planet, (c) the frequently mentioned difference of 33 C is a meaningless number calculated wrongly, (d) the formulas of cavity radiation are used inappropriately, (e) the assumption of a radiative balance is unphysical, (f) thermal conductivity and friction must not be set to zero, the atmospheric greenhouse conjecture is falsified
The atmospheric greenhouse effect, an idea that authors trace back to the traditional works of Fourier 1824, Tyndall 1861, and Arrhenius 1896, and which is still supported in global climatology, essentially describes a fictitious mechanism, in which a planetary atmosphere acts as a heat pump driven by an environment that is radiatively interacting with but radiatively equilibrated to the atmospheric system.
Taking into account the obscuring effects of high cloud, it was found that thick low clouds decreased by more than 20 % in the eastern tropical Pacific... In contrast, most increase in low cloud amount due to doubled CO2 simulated by the NCAR and GFDL models occurs in the subtropical subsidence regimes associated with a strong atmospheric stability.»
This would have an effect on both atmospheric and ocean circulation and heat balance that would have to be modeled by detailed ocean / atmospheric climate modeling.
A claim that CO2 can't possibly have a significant effect solely because of its small atmospheric mixing ratio, can be refuted as a general claim by reference to other substances (such as arsenic, plutonium or Vitamin C) whose large effects due to small concentrations are well known.
Such proximity introduces hazards that are of negligible importance for life on Earth: increased exposure to (time - varying) short wavelength radiation, stronger magnetic fields, tidal effects, and atmospheric removal by the stellar wind.
However, under a climate mitigation scenario for the twenty - first century in which sulphate aerosols decline before atmospheric CO2 is stabilized, this «diffuse - radiation» fertilization effect declines rapidly to near zero by the end of the twenty - first century.»
trees grow, chamical potential is released when wood is burned, or perhaps some mechanical atmospheric effect that increases potential energy by separating air masses — maybe generation of wind would be related, just wondering.)
(Note that radiative forcing is not necessarily proportional to reduction in atmospheric transparency, because relatively opaque layers in the lower warmer troposphere (water vapor, and for the fractional area they occupy, low level clouds) can reduce atmospheric transparency a lot on their own while only reducing the net upward LW flux above them by a small amount; colder, higher - level clouds will have a bigger effect on the net upward LW flux above them (per fraction of areal coverage), though they will have a smaller effect on the net upward LW flux below them.