Sentences with phrase «by available observations»

Since such analyses require that like is compared with like, rainfall simulations in climate models are often «masked» to match the area covered by available observations.

However, our understanding of how the ocean impacts the global mean surface temperature is strongly limited by available observations, which historically have consisted primarily of sea surface temperature (SST) measurements.

Not exact matches

Thus Polanyi concludes that, «When Einstein discovered rationality in nature, unaided by any observation that had not been available for at least fifty years before, our positivistic textbooks promptly covered up the scandal by an appropriately embellished account of his discovery.»

Detailed instructions about participant observation are readily available, 4 and much can be learned about the method by reading the congregational studies of Melvin Williams and Samuel Heilman.

The first five of these types of natural occurrence are easily accessible to sense perception (aided perhaps by instruments of observation), the sixth, however, is not available to ordinary sense perception.

«Based on the findings and observations enumerated in paragraph (5)- (viii) as well as series of facts and figures available to this Honurable House, the sum of N34, 988,990,000.00, which was approved and released as bailout loan to the State Government of Osun by the Federal Government of Nigeria in the year 2015, was judiciously utilized.»

A new report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine finds that continuity of ocean observations is vital to gain an accurate understanding of the climate, and calls for a decadal, national plan that is adequately resourced and implemented to ensure critical ocean information is available to understand and predict future changes.

A Japanese team have digitalized magnetogram recordings taken before direct observations by satellites became available.

While there are many debates in regards to how the Earth's internal evolution is driven, the model created by the team seemed to find an answer that better fits available observations and underlying physics.

Until now, studies that challenged the existence of Planet Nine using the data available for these trans - Neptunian objects argued that there had been systematic errors linked to the orientations of the orbits (defined by three angles), due to the way in which the observations had been made.

«The observations that Medicaid and WIC participation is associated with lower odds of both food insecurity and cost - related medication underuse suggest that there may be important «spill - over» effects from programs that target food insecurity or cost - related medication underuse, by freeing up available resources,» adds Dr. Berkowitz.

By considering the population of the Kepler field stars, and by combining follow - up observations (imaging) when available, we find that the overall FPR of our sample is loBy considering the population of the Kepler field stars, and by combining follow - up observations (imaging) when available, we find that the overall FPR of our sample is loby combining follow - up observations (imaging) when available, we find that the overall FPR of our sample is low.

They were not able to follow up on these initial observations, and it was not until 1954 that further information became available, in a very thorough study by John D. Green and Arnaldo Arduini that mapped out the basic properties of hippocampal oscillations in cats, rabbits, and monkeys (Green and Arduini, 1954).

A paper describing the newly confirmed observation, «GW170608: Observation of a 19 - solar - mass binary black hole coalescence,» authored by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration has been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters and is available to read on the arXiv.

Additional unprocessed images gathered during Cassini's plunge are available online, along with hundreds of thousands collected by the probe during the more than 13 years it has spend studying Saturn and its moons — observations which resulted in the publication of more than 3,000 studies and such discoveries as liquid methane seas at Titan and hydrothermal activity on Enceladus.

For a number of reasons — limited reliability, the potential for abuse, the recent evidence that teachers have effects on student earnings and college going which are largely not captured by test - based measures — it would not make sense to attach 100 percent of the weight to test - based measures (or any of the available measures, including classroom observations, for that matter).

However, the study is necessarily limited by the fact that it is based on observations from only the countries for which relevant data is available.

Jason Kamras, deputy to D.C. Schools Chancellor Michelle Rhee in charge of human capital, talks with Education Next about the new teacher evaluation system put in place in D.C. Beginning this year, teachers in D.C. will be evaluated based on student test scores (when available) and classroom observations (by principals and master educators), and poorly performing teachers may be fired, regardless of tenure.

To test the hypothesis that publicly available information has an impact over and above direct observation of school performance, we can compare the ratings given by respondents whose schools were very close to the cutoffs in the point system used by Florida to assign school grades.

Additional limitations of the analysis highlighted in the paper and simply repeated by the reviewer are that the number of country observations is limited to 28 OECD countries and that the available measure of teacher performance pay is imperfect.

For a number of reasons limited reliability, the potential for abuse, the recent evidence that teachers have effects on student earnings and college going which are largely not captured by test - based measures it would not make sense to attach 100 percent of the weight to test - based measures (or any of the available measures, including classroom observations, for that matter).

We used all available data, including initial and exit interviews, classroom observations, and various relevant artifacts generated by the participants during their student teaching experience.

However, observations conducted by the author as a mathematics teacher and mentor in the district's Alternative Certification Program revealed that most teachers were not using the available technology effectively to promote student learning.

Functions The teacher leader: a) Facilitates the collection, analysis, and use of classroom - and school - based data to identify opportunities to improve curriculum, instruction, assessment, school organization, and school culture; b) Engages in reflective dialog with colleagues based on observation of instruction, student work, and assessment data and helps make connections to research - based effective practices; c) Supports colleagues» individual and collective reflection and professional growth by serving in roles such as mentor, coach, and content facilitator; d) Serves as a team leader to harness the skills, expertise, and knowledge of colleagues to address curricular expectations and student learning needs; e) Uses knowledge of existing and emerging technologies to guide colleagues in helping students skillfully and appropriately navigate the universe of knowledge available on the Internet, use social media to promote collaborative learning, and connect with people and resources around the globe; and f) Promotes instructional strategies that address issues of diversity and equity in the classroom and ensures that individual student learning needs remain the central focus of instruction.

However, animals are only available for observation by Last Chance at Life All Breed Rescue for a short time, and therefore, neither guarantees, nor implied / expressed warranties with regard to this animal are made.

«Whittling down guesses or extrapolations from limited observations by a factor of 10 or even 100 does not make these estimates any more credible, and the fact that they are the best available data is not sufficient to justify their use when the consequence may be extermination for cats... What I find inconsistent in an otherwise scientific debate about biodiversity is how indictment of cats has been pursued almost in spite of the evidence, and without regard to the differential effects of cats in carefully selected, managed colonies, versus that of free - roaming pets, owned farm cats, or truly feral animals.

An owner surrendering an animal may not always provide a candid or accurate description of the animal's past, and thus observations by shelter staff should be given appropriate weight, along with the results of behavioral and medical assessments, where available.

User data is stored in a database owned by Tequila Works, SL and they will be used for dealing with your observations and / or requests, to provide an answer, and to keep you informed of the services and updates that could be of your interest and made available to our customers and users of this site, by traditional means or by email or other form of electronic communication.

[394] The New York Times reported that «some fans and Dylanologists have raised questions about whether some of these paintings are based on the singer's own experiences and observations, or on photographs that are widely available and were not taken by Mr. Dylan.»

Although some earlier work along similar lines had been done by other paleoclimate researchers (Ed Cook, Phil Jones, Keith Briffa, Ray Bradley, Malcolm Hughes, and Henry Diaz being just a few examples), before Mike, no one had seriously attempted to use all the available paleoclimate data together, to try to reconstruct the global patterns of climate back in time before the start of direct instrumental observations of climate, or to estimate the underlying statistical uncertainties in reconstructing past temperature changes.

Just an observation: all the http links given by the readers (some from China) who wanted to contrast «solid and lavish» government buildings vs «tofu» schools, lead to: «sorry, this page is not available».

To wit: Those who work with computer models of climate trust them more than is warranted by the validation that can be done against the (limited) available observations.

In either case, LES can also be driven by weather hindcasts, and the simulation results can be evaluated against the wealth of observations that are now available, observations both from space and from the ground.

However, the simulation of clouds in climate models has shown modest improvement relative to models available at the time of the AR4, and this has been aided by new evaluation techniques and new observations for clouds.

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/04/12/1858631/sense-and-sensitivity-how-the-economist-got-it-wrong-on-warming/ where the authors state: «Yet they find that by including just an additional decade of data (i.e. using observations available through 2010), the estimate falls by nearly half, to 1.9 °C.»

Scientists are petitioning Nature to render the earliest feasible verdict, by the strongest available three-fold methods of physical theory, laboratory experiment, and planetary - scale observations.

Again you may go back to scientific papers of past decades when the issue of land based observations was studied by the scientists as there was not yet much knowledge on the suitability of the available data for calculating averages of the temperature change.

You seem to generally accept WG1 as the «best available summary» of climate science today, while I am more skeptical, particularly with regard to its understatement of uncertainty, its myopic fixation on anthropogenic climate forcing, its superficial handling of natural climate forcing factors and its many exaggerations or distortions, which go toward making AGW look more alarming than is really supported by the physical observations.

The starting point is the uncontroversial observation that climate change will almost certainly harm the world's poorest most of all, for the simple reason that the most disadvantaged by definition have the fewest resources available to manage and adapt to negative climate impacts.

20th Century Reanalysis: Methods and Applications To better understand and model the observed variability of the earth system, one can rapidly expand the available record by objectively combining disparate observations with numerical model - generated guesses.

More information on the manual and automatic practices and processes used by the Bureau to obtain these surface air temperature data is available from Australian Climate Observations Reference Network — Surface Air Temperature (ACORN - SAT) Observation practices.

Attribution outlines in IPCC WG1 AR 5 SPM cover eighteen arguments, each one valid and backed by observations, and each one the simplest, most parsimonious of exception, most universal explanation for that data available; if anything, it errs on the side of least drama, and still remains stark and damning of current emission practices.

The SEARCH dataset assessed that the Bourke data for January maximum temperatures differed from that obtained by modern practices by some 3.5 °C and the unadjusted observations (with thirteen consecutive days above 45 °C, available via Climate Data Online) erroneously exaggerate the severity of the event.

This is usually done by evaluating climate model data only where and when observations are available, in order to mimic the observational system and avoid possible biases introduced by changing observational coverage.

site tours and informal work shadowing (observation)-- available to students of all years but they often need to be independently organised by students with individual companies or professionals

A: The use of an infrared thermal imager as an additional tool on a home inspection can provide useful information not readily available by simple observation.