This is the conclusion reached
by biologists of the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), following an expedition to this specific region of the Arctic Ocean, which used to be dominated by the Polar cod.
Not exact matches
According to a study
of 367 college students conducted
by biologist Christoph Randler, early risers perform better on the job, attain greater career success, and reap higher wages than people who start their day later.
The spread
of ideas assuming a viral pattern is a theory propagated
by the likes
of evolutionary
biologist Richard Dawkins and the 2010 movie Inception.
ScanEagle can stay aloft for a full 24 hours relatively inexpensively, providing the kind
of real - time imaging and mapping data coveted
by climatologists, marine
biologists, petroleum engineers and ship navigators that in the past have been largely left in the dark
by a dearth
of satellite coverage in the Arctic.
In fact, when people talk informally, 65 percent
of the time they are telling stories, according to research
by evolutionary
biologist Robin Dunbar.
The new report «Lights Out for the Reef», written
by University
of Queensland coral reef
biologist Selina Ward, noted that reefs were vulnerable to several different effects
of climate change; including rising sea temperatures and increased carbon dioxide in the ocean, which causes acidification.
The
biologist argued that the additive in question — which is created
by using a centrifuge to spin off muscle meat from layers
of fat and then treating it with ammonia — was not real ground beef.
Effects like these contribute to the philosophy
of biophilia, popularized
by biologist Edward O. Wilson in his 1984 book
of the same title.
It is apparently a myth that lemmings commit mass suicide
by jumping
of cliffs, according to wildlife
biologists who have studied the rodents.
And
by evolutionary
biologists do you mean
biologist and Orthodox Christian Theodosius Dobzhansky who wrote «Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light
of Evolution»?
• For
biologists, 1995 was a banner year, marked
by the first discovery in decades
of a whole new kind
of animal life.
Just like evolutionary
biologists are «forced» to say life gradually evolved over billions
of years
by their worldview that denies talking snakes.
What is more, he argues that the existence
of irreducible complexity is implicitly accepted
by the entire worldwide community
of molecular
biologists.
Indeed, because eggs are large cells that are relatively easy to manipulate, they are one
of the favored cell types used
by biologists to express foreign genes and to test gene function.
I was reminded
of the similarities the other day when I happened upon
biologist Jerry A. Coyne's observation that «evolution is like an architect who can not design a building from scratch, but must build every new structure
by adapting a preexisting building, keeping the structure habitable all the while.»
In the United States, the following Universities have extensive evolutionary biology departments staffed
by thousands
of the most gifted
biologists in the World; Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Colombia, Duke, the Massachusetts Insti.tute
of Technology, Brown, Stanford, Berkley, and the University
of Chicago.
According to a 1994 essay in the New York Review
of Books
by John Maynard Smith, the dean
of British neo-Darwinists, «the evolutionary
biologists with whom I have discussed his [Gould's] work tend to see him as a man whose ideas are so confused as to be hardly worth bothering with, but as one who should not be publicly criticized because he is at least on our side against the creationists.
As an algae
biologist I was initially struck
by the cover graphic: a stained glass window made
of diatoms, the tiny planktonic creatures whose exquisite outer shells are visible only through the electron microscope.
There have been many such changes, 8 so significant, in fact, that one wonders if Darwin must not be regarded, even
by the
biologists themselves, more as a precursor
of developments leading to present - day evolutionary thinking rather than as a continuing historical source
of our scientific understanding
of man.
Richard Dawkins, in his celebrated book, The Selfish Gene, exemplifies the same position.3 And a similar reduction
of biology to a molecular science may be found in the writings
of E.O. Wilson, Ernst Mayr, Jacques Monod and numerous other highly respected scientific writers.4 In Chance and Necessity, for example, Monod gives one
of the most forceful renditions
of the view that biochemical analysis is «obviously» the sole avenue to understanding the secret
of life.5 Decades ago Jacques Loeb had already set forth the program
of inquiry still emulated today
by many
biologists:
«The one process ongoing in the 1980s that will take millions
of years to correct,» Harvard
biologist E. O. Wilson has warned, «is the loss
of genetic and species diversity
by the destruction
of natural habitats.
The new datum in our time is the development
by molecular
biologists of procedures which make it possible to control this recombining process (so that it is not simply «random»), and to increase almost immeasurably the speed
by which it takes place.
Both authors — Birch as a
biologist and Cobb as a theologian — are influenced
by the philosophy
of Whitehead.
Many statistical techniques, including analysis
of variance and linear regression, were developed
by evolutionary
biologists, especially Ronald Fisher and Karl Pearson.
Biologists have, since pre-evolutionary days, been fascinated
by instances
of structural parallelisms in not closely related animals and plants that exploit similar environments in similar ways.
John Medina, the author
of Brain Rules and a Christian
biologist, is often approached
by men looking for the silver bullet
of fathering.
Biologists have paid much less attention to the equally significant but opposite phenomena — absence
of evolutionary parallelisms where they could,
by analogy, be expected.
Nature and God
by L. Charles Birch, a
biologist, is an attractive work for the sophisticated layman.133 Richard H. Overman's Evolution and the Christian Doctrine
of Creation is more extensive.
«Since its completion, the book has been endorsed
by prominent scientists including Philip Skell, a member
of the National Academy
of Sciences; Scott Turner, an evolutionary
biologist at the State University
of New York; and Professor Norman Nevin, one
of Britain's leading geneticists.»
Recognizing the need for liberation from inward and outward sources
of oppression, it also proposes a liberating vision free from the suffocating constraints
of the mechanistic, deterministic, substantialist view
of reality, it is all the more remarkable in having been written
by two professional theologians, although one
of them, to be sure, is a professional
biologist.
Many
biologists, and not the least eminent among them (all being convinced that Man, like everything else, emerged
by evolutionary means, i.e. was born in Nature) undoubtedly still believe that the human species, having attained the level
of Homo sapiens, has reached an upper organic limit beyond which it can not develop, so that anthropogenesis is only
of retrospective interest.
Neo-Darwinism at present holds the ascendancy in the eyes
of biologists, partly owing to a clearer and more statistically substantiated definition
of «the fittest», but principally because
of the immense part, now recognized
by modern genetics, played
by the «action
of large numbers» in the formation
of species.
Such instances, for which no convincing scientific explanations have been given, are cited
by some Christian
biologists as evidence
of God's intervention in the process.
Some
biologists try to preserve a modified form
of scriptural inerrancy
by quoting the verse «a day is as a thousand years,» and then showing that after all Genesis agrees fairly well with evolution.
And we must not forget that a quantum - mechanical calculation even on one particular bacterial cell would be incorrect for every other cell, even
of the same species — a point clearly made
by Elsasser in his conclusions about the heterogeneity
of the material with which the
biologist has to deal.
Complexities
of physical structure seldom if ever,
by themselves, provide any feature which seriously suggests to
biologists that such structures are in any sense alive.
As a
biologist I have long been immensely impressed
by and beholden to Whitehead's philosophy
of organism (Process and Reality), in that it seems to me that he is the first great philosopher who really took trouble to comprehend the biological developments
of his time.
But we can easily be trapped
by this useful analogy into losing sight
of two basic aspects
of living beings which are clearly evident to the physicist but, curiously enough, overlooked
by the
biologist.
It emphasises that science and technology must be «at the service
of the human person» (DV 2) and the language is quite strong: «Science without conscience can only lead to man's ruin» (DV 2); and «No
biologist or doctor can reasonably claim,
by virtue
of his scientific competence, to be able to decide on people's rights and destiny» (DV 3).
If the work
of biologists could not yet be interpreted fully in the terms afforded
by physics, this represented a gap that further research would fill.
The process
of synthesis
by which azoic elements have reached their present multiplicity and complexity is an evolution, the same process entirely as the
biologist traces in the order
of living things, and the synthetic chemical compound embodies in itself a complex relativity capable
of being expressed in most exact laws, which reflect the evolutionary emergence
of its substance as much as do the organs
of an animal explained in terms
of evolutionary development.
I vividly recall the great importance he attached to a genuine recognition
of chance and accident
by his response to one
of the clearest statements on the subject ever made
by a
biologist.
The complaints are tempered
by her
biologist's curiosity, and the mix
of memoir and scientific observation works.
Evolution was not
of major interest to most
of these
biologists, but insofar as they had a theory
of it, it was a theory in terms
of mutations
of individual genes, carried
by individual organisms and submitted to natural selection.
3At present, for example, the well - entrenched neo-Darwinian hypothesis
of «gradualism» (biological evolution occurs slowly, and more or less continuously as the constant interplay
of random variations and natural selection over vast periods
of time) is confronted with a somewhat more radical and neo-Lamarckian theory
of «punctuated equilibrium» favored
by Harvard
biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Peter Williamson, collaborated
by fossil discoveries
of paleontologist and cultural anthropologist Richard Leakey in Africa.
John Cobb devoted much attention to this topic, and Charles Birch, as an eminent
biologist and process thinker, has contributed much
by his writings and lectures to the wider acceptance
of a process style
of thought in the circles
of the World Council
of Churches.
But, as Bohm points out, such a position can not stand up to critical analysis, for the molecules studied
by biologists in living organisms are constituted
of electrons, protons and other such particles, from which it must follow that they too are capable
of behaving in ways that can not be described in terms
of mechanical concepts.
George's theory
of human evolution has been restated or touched upon
by a number
of evolutionary
biologists and anthropologists.
(ENTIRE BOOK) A collection
of essays
by prominent physicists,
biologists, geneticists, zoologists, philosophers and other thinkers about the relationship between science and philosophy, particularly the teleological versus the mechanistic explanation
of the universe.
There are important differences between the altruism observed
by zoologists, and caritas as described
by St Thomas (Chapter 8), and a
biologist who ascribes the «emotion
of forgiveness» to hyenas is betraying a conceptual hinterland quite unlike that
of the Thomist (Chapter 4).