To minimize the
confounding effect and test for potential modification
by an overall lifestyle pattern, we further performed a stratified analysis according to a priori — defined healthy lifestyle pattern, as characterized
by never smoking or ever smoking for fewer than 5 pack - years, never or moderate alcohol intake (< 14 g / d in women and < 28 g / d in men),
body mass index (calculated as
weight in kilograms divided
by height in meters squared) of at least 18.5 and less than 25.0, and physical activity of at least 150 min / wk at a moderate level or at least 75 min / wk at a vigorous level (equivalent to ≥ 7.5 metabolic equivalent h / wk) as recommended.18 Likewise, given the previous report that protein intake was associated with a higher risk for diabetes - related mortality, 8 we examined the protein - mortality association according to the history of diabetes.