«the atmosphere is
warmed by conduction from Earth's surface, this lapse or reduction in temperature is normal with increasing distance from the conductive source.»
This incoming shortwave heating is balanced by ocean heat loss through back radiation (41 %), evaporative heat loss (53 %), and heat
loss by conduction and convection (6 %).
Once the Sun's energy reaches Earth, it travels through different
materials by conduction, convection, and radiation.
If we have a temperature gradient of 0.1 - 1.0 degK, energy fluxes of this magnitude can travel the last millimeter to the skin layer of the ocean
by conduction alone (and escape to the atmosphere).
It's nutty to look at a large dynamic system and argue that heat moves
only by conduction.
Where our current home ovens bake largely by radiated heat and convected heat, a masonry oven also retains heat in its mass and bakes
by conduction as well.
Heat also makes its way through the
Earth by conduction — the transfer of thermal energy by molecules inside a material from hotter areas to colder ones — without causing any motion.
Visible light can not do this, visible light can not physically move the molecules of water and land into vibration which has to be done to get the volumes of air heated above them, transferred
first by conduction then convection as the real gases of the fluid ocean above us expand and become less dense and rise and giving up their heat in the colder heights condense becoming heavier and sink.
Because LEDs do not emit heat as infrared radiation like incandescent or fluorescent bulbs do, it must be removed from the
device by conduction or convection.
Remarkably, in the case of impurities with higher spin S = 1, both effects can co-exist: while the impurities are partially
screened by the conduction electrons, an effective dangling spin S = 1/2 is responsible for the entanglement between impurities.
If you ate testing heat
absorption by conduction, then the specific heat of the gas determines the temperature given the heat energy.