Sentences with phrase «by cosmic rays in»

And the press releases from CERN have also been quite factual, simply stating that the cloud nucleation mechanism by cosmic rays in the presence of certain naturally occurring aerosols has been validated, but cautioning that this does not mean that this effect in our actual climate system has yet been confirmed.

The isotope carbon 14 is produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere.

It is created by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere.

C14 is not natural, not part of the biosystem and created only by cosmic rays in the high atmosphere.

Takaaki Kajita heads up the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector near Hida, Japan, and in 1998 he announced the discovery that muon neutrinos, created by cosmic rays in the atmosphere, seemed to be transforming into taus.

Not exact matches

[31] Also, Lemaitre's prediction that cosmic rays would include a and (3 particles in addition to photons is now confirmed by observation.

Space is permeated by cosmic rays, which are high - speed particles produced by powerful events like flares on the Sun or exploding stars in deep space.

Complicated cascades of subatomic reactions in the atmosphere triggered by high - energy cosmic rays from outer space.

This configuration — plus the particularly high turbulence in the galactic centre caused by the high concentration of stars — may be increasing the energy of the cosmic rays, says the team.

Instead, the signal could be produced by amplified cosmic rays generated when particularly large stars explode, says Peter Biermann of the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy in Bonn, Germany, and colleagues.

These particles are one of the most pervasive forms of matter in the Universe: they are created in the Sun and in supernovas, by cosmic rays crashing into the upper atmosphere, and they are even made on Earth, streaming out from nuclear reactors and radioactive rocks.

If Lu's suggestion is correct, ozone levels should fall then rise every 11 years, in step with changes in cosmic - ray intensity driven by the 11 - year solar cycle.

This could account for the increase in heavy cosmic rays seen at high energies by Auger, say the team.

Prior to CRaTER and recent measurements by the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars rover Curiosity, the effects of thick shielding on cosmic rays had only been simulated in computer models and in particle accelerators, with little observational data from deep space.

The renowned British physicist Paul Dirac first posited the existence of antimatter in 1928, and four years later researchers at Caltech detected the first documented antiparticles — positrons produced by the impact of cosmic rays on the atmosphere.

The team concludes that these signals are generated by speeding electrons produced when cosmic rays collide with molecules in the air (Physical Review Letters, DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.105.151101).

In what Grashorn calls a «serendipitous discovery», his team has worked out that these signals are generated by speeding electrons produced when cosmic rays collide with molecules in the aiIn what Grashorn calls a «serendipitous discovery», his team has worked out that these signals are generated by speeding electrons produced when cosmic rays collide with molecules in the aiin the air.

Carbon dating doesn't work well on ice because carbon - 14 is produced in the ice itself by cosmic rays and only goes back some 50,000 years.

Krypton is produced by cosmic rays bombarding Earth and then stored in air bubbles trapped within Antarctic ice.

By looking at the ratio of two of these cosmic - ray - made elements — aluminum - 26 and beryllium - 10 caught in crystals of quartz, and measured in an accelerator mass spectrometer — the scientists were able to calculate how long the rocks in their samples had been exposed to the sky versus covered by icBy looking at the ratio of two of these cosmic - ray - made elements — aluminum - 26 and beryllium - 10 caught in crystals of quartz, and measured in an accelerator mass spectrometer — the scientists were able to calculate how long the rocks in their samples had been exposed to the sky versus covered by icby ice.

They studied boulders from the New Zealand site where the glacial wood had been found, measuring the concentrations in the rocks of radioactive isotopes beryllium - 10 and chlorine - 36, which are produced by nuclear reactions between minerals and cosmic rays.

The production of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere during each of the solar proton events of November 1960, September 1966, and August 1972 is calculated to have been comparable to or larger than the total average annual production of NO by the action of galactic cosmic rays.

In the Universe, cosmic ray particles are accelerated by galaxy clusters, supernovae, binary stars, pulsars and certain types of supermassive black holes.

Ultrahigh - energy cosmic rays are the most energetic particles in the universe — each of them carries an energy that is too high to be produced even by the Large Hadron Collider, the most powerful particle accelerator in the world.

Astronomers don't think supernova remnants are capable of powering cosmic rays beyond the PeV range, so the knee may be shaped in part by the drop - off of their cosmic rays in this region.

When those atoms are hit by energetic cosmic ray particles, they break up in fragments, including beryllium nuclei, which can't be produced by any other means.

The cosmic rays produce rare chemicals in the rocks, and by analyzing the concentrations of those chemical isotopes, researchers at Schaefer's lab are able to determine just how long ago the rocks were first exposed to the sun — and thus when they were left behind by the glacier.

Formed by cosmic rays, the isotope builds up in the top few feet of the soil.

Professor Alan Fitzsimmons commented: «We have discovered that the surface of «Oumuamua is similar to small solar system bodies that are covered in carbon - rich ices, whose structure is modified by exposure to cosmic rays.

In addition to imaging heavy - ion tracks, Vazquez has studied the effect of chronic cosmic - ray exposure on the brains of rats, as measured by their ability to move around in a boIn addition to imaging heavy - ion tracks, Vazquez has studied the effect of chronic cosmic - ray exposure on the brains of rats, as measured by their ability to move around in a boin a box.

«The surface of Mars, the surface of Earth, and basically all surfaces in the solar system are being bombarded by cosmic rays,» explains Farley, and when these rays — very high - energy protons — blast into an atom, the atom's nucleus shatters, creating isotopes of other elements.

On the one hand there was a quest by scientists to find the world's funniest joke, and on the other, dire warnings about the dangers of mobile phones, an increase in the incidence of new variant CJD, climate change, and cosmic threats to Earth in the shape of asteroids and gamma ray bursts.

«High - energy neutrinos are produced along with gamma rays by extremely high - energy radiation known as cosmic rays in objects like star - forming galaxies, galaxy clusters, supermassive black holes, or gamma - ray bursts.

They used a dating technique perfected in the last 20 years that measures elemental changes in the rock that occur when the rock gets bombarded by cosmic rays after the glacier's retreat.

On Mars, it may have been made in the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet light or in the ice and soil by cosmic rays.

Cosmic rays are sometimes so energetic, they must be born in cosmic accelerators fueled by cataclysms of staggering proporCosmic rays are sometimes so energetic, they must be born in cosmic accelerators fueled by cataclysms of staggering proporcosmic accelerators fueled by cataclysms of staggering proportions.

They propose that cosmic rays contribute to ozone depletion through their interactions with human - made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere: electrons created by cosmic rays break down CFC molecules, leading to the production of chorine atoms, which in turn break down ozone.

By - products of cosmic rays called muons helped scientists uncover a hollow area inside the Great Pyramid of Giza, Maria Temming reported in «Mystery void is discovered in the Great Pyramid of Giza» (SN: 11/25/17, p. 6).

The detectors are struck regularly by cosmic rays, which can mimic the annihilation signal, so narrowing the window of time in which matter — antimatter annihilations should be taking place significantly reduces the background noise the physicists must sift through to identify genuine annihilation events.

They found a small correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures occurring every 22 years; however, the changing cosmic ray rate lagged behind the change in temperatures by between one and two years, suggesting that the cause of the temperature rise might not be attributable to cosmic rays and cloud formation, but could be caused by the direct effects of the sun.

The acknowledged role of sunspots and cosmic rays in forming clouds has been fertile ground for climate deniers, who have cast doubt on whether anthropogenic climate change (in other words, change caused by humans) is occurring at all.

As we noted, the LHC will not destroy the world and as George Musser wrote to me after we recorded the interview, «I said something to the effect that scientists had stocked [stoked] concerns about black holes by saying the LHC would create particles not seen since the big bang, but those particles have been seen since the big bang, namely in natural processes such as cosmic ray collisions; therefore if black holes posed a threat, the universe would already be a goner.»

By comparing the small oscillations in cosmic ray rate and temperature with the overall trends in both since 1955, Sloan and Wolfendale found that less than 14 percent of the global warming seen during this period could have been caused by solar activitBy comparing the small oscillations in cosmic ray rate and temperature with the overall trends in both since 1955, Sloan and Wolfendale found that less than 14 percent of the global warming seen during this period could have been caused by solar activitby solar activity.

De Roeck was recently approached by a team of physicists who had found some «peculiar results» while reanalysing cosmic - ray data collected 15 years ago in the Pamir mountains in central Asia.

Researchers tallied the figure by measuring the concentrations of beryllium - 10, an isotope produced naturally when cosmic rays strike rocks at Earth's surface, in sediments gathered from slopes and riverbeds (image).

Particles blown outward by the solar wind are speeding in one direction, while particles from cosmic rays generated outside the solar system are

It is likely that the object lacks water or ice and has been reddened by the impact of cosmic rays over millions of years, like the objects in the outer solar system.

UHECRS, very high energy protons and charged nuclei, occasionally arrive on Earth, where they are detected by cosmic ray detectors such as the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina.

In fact, a team of physicists has found a previously unknown void within the pyramid by imaging it with muons, high - energy byproducts of cosmic rays that are created when protons and other atomic nuclei strike the atmosphere.

Devilish OMG particles Tens of millions of times more energetic than particles produced by the most powerful human - made accelerators, ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are a mystery — there is no known phenomenon in the Universe that could create them.