Sentences with phrase «by cosmic rays on»

Not exact matches

Space is permeated by cosmic rays, which are high - speed particles produced by powerful events like flares on the Sun or exploding stars in deep space.

The study notes that narrowing down that percent range requires particle accelerator experiments on water ice to more accurately gauge the number of chemical reactions that result per unit of energy deposited by cosmic rays and solar energetic particles.

These particles are one of the most pervasive forms of matter in the Universe: they are created in the Sun and in supernovas, by cosmic rays crashing into the upper atmosphere, and they are even made on Earth, streaming out from nuclear reactors and radioactive rocks.

Prior to CRaTER and recent measurements by the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars rover Curiosity, the effects of thick shielding on cosmic rays had only been simulated in computer models and in particle accelerators, with little observational data from deep space.

The renowned British physicist Paul Dirac first posited the existence of antimatter in 1928, and four years later researchers at Caltech detected the first documented antiparticles — positrons produced by the impact of cosmic rays on the atmosphere.

This research technique was pioneered by P. Buford Price, the preeminent authority on high - energy cosmic rays.

Numerical simulations performed by the GRAPES - 3 collaboration on this event indicate that the Earth's magnetic shield temporarily cracked due to the occurrence of magnetic reconnection, allowing the lower energy galactic cosmic ray particles to enter our atmosphere.

Carbon dating doesn't work well on ice because carbon - 14 is produced in the ice itself by cosmic rays and only goes back some 50,000 years.

From the sky map of the cosmic rays (left), physicists deduce the hotspot by counting the rays within 20 ° of each point on the sky.

«Depending on the size of the cell, we estimate that between 13 percent and 40 percent of brain cells will be hit once by cosmic rays,» Vazquez explains.

In addition to imaging heavy - ion tracks, Vazquez has studied the effect of chronic cosmic - ray exposure on the brains of rats, as measured by their ability to move around in a box.

On the one hand there was a quest by scientists to find the world's funniest joke, and on the other, dire warnings about the dangers of mobile phones, an increase in the incidence of new variant CJD, climate change, and cosmic threats to Earth in the shape of asteroids and gamma ray burstOn the one hand there was a quest by scientists to find the world's funniest joke, and on the other, dire warnings about the dangers of mobile phones, an increase in the incidence of new variant CJD, climate change, and cosmic threats to Earth in the shape of asteroids and gamma ray burston the other, dire warnings about the dangers of mobile phones, an increase in the incidence of new variant CJD, climate change, and cosmic threats to Earth in the shape of asteroids and gamma ray bursts.

On Mars, it may have been made in the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet light or in the ice and soil by cosmic rays.

Sunspot activity, which ebbs and flows on an 11 - year cycle, decreases the cosmic ray flux by periodically increasing the solar wind — a stream of charged particles emitted by the sun.

The acknowledged role of sunspots and cosmic rays in forming clouds has been fertile ground for climate deniers, who have cast doubt on whether anthropogenic climate change (in other words, change caused by humans) is occurring at all.

By several measures — geomagnetic activity, weakness of polar magnetic fields, flagging solar deflection of galactic cosmic rays — the minimum was the deepest on record, Hathaway said, although some of those records contain just a few cycles.

UHECRS, very high energy protons and charged nuclei, occasionally arrive on Earth, where they are detected by cosmic ray detectors such as the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina.

Scientists have discovered new evidence to suggest that lightning on Earth is triggered not only by cosmic rays from space, but also by energetic particles from the Sun.

This means it will be bombarded by high - energy cosmic rays, which can interfere with signals, or even build up enough of an electrical charge to cause small lightning strikes on the telescope.

But radiation from the sun and cosmic rays is 100 times stronger in space than on Earth, which is protected by a layer of ozone and the Van Allen radiation belts.

His research summary report outlined the research he had conducted and, as Lovell later described in his autobiography Astronomer by Chance, «by an analysis and argument that now seems tortuous» Lovell remained convinced that the echoes he was receiving on his radar equipment might be caused by high - energy cosmic ray particles.

Lovell was persuaded by James Stanley Hey that the echoes on the surplus ex-Army radar equipment he was using were meteor trails and not cosmic rays.

On the dwarf planet, the reddish color is likely caused by tholins, which are formed when cosmic rays and solar ultraviolet light interact with methane in Pluto's atmosphere and on its surfacOn the dwarf planet, the reddish color is likely caused by tholins, which are formed when cosmic rays and solar ultraviolet light interact with methane in Pluto's atmosphere and on its surfacon its surface.

Based on the Marvel comic by Stan Lee (who makes a cameo as he does in all the films based on his work), it picks up the story of those cosmic - rayed superheroes dealing with the end of the world and a fifth attempt at a wedding.

How these cyclical climate take place is still unknown, but they «are most likely caused by variations in the solar wind and associated magnetic fields that affect the flux of cosmic rays incident on cloudiness, and thereby control the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and thus the climate.»

Nature Journal of Science, ranked as the world's most cited scientific periodical, has just published the definitive study on Global Warming that proves the dominant controller of temperatures in the Earth's atmosphere is due to galactic cosmic rays and the sun, rather than by man.

Mark Follman, one of the founders of Mediabugs, wrote a piece for Mother Jones this morning with more background on the cosmic ray post, noting that repeated attempts to correct the error, so far, have been met by silence.

On the possibility of a changing cloud cover «forcing» global warming in recent times (assuming we can just ignore the CO2 physics and current literature on feedbacks, since I don't see a contradiction between an internal radiative forcing and positive feedbacks), one would have to explain a few things, like why the diurnal temperature gradient would decrease with a planet being warmed by decreased albedo... why the stratosphere should cool... why winters should warm faster than summers... essentially the same questions that come with the cosmic ray hypothesiOn the possibility of a changing cloud cover «forcing» global warming in recent times (assuming we can just ignore the CO2 physics and current literature on feedbacks, since I don't see a contradiction between an internal radiative forcing and positive feedbacks), one would have to explain a few things, like why the diurnal temperature gradient would decrease with a planet being warmed by decreased albedo... why the stratosphere should cool... why winters should warm faster than summers... essentially the same questions that come with the cosmic ray hypothesion feedbacks, since I don't see a contradiction between an internal radiative forcing and positive feedbacks), one would have to explain a few things, like why the diurnal temperature gradient would decrease with a planet being warmed by decreased albedo... why the stratosphere should cool... why winters should warm faster than summers... essentially the same questions that come with the cosmic ray hypothesis.

Svensmark (1998) later proposed that changes in the inter-planetary magnetic fields (IMF) resulting from variations on the sun can affect the climate through galactic cosmic rays (GCR) by modulating earth's cloud cover.

Large changes in cosmic rays are documented in response to magnetic - field variations (the Laschamp event of about 40,000 years ago is especially prominent) with no corresponding change in climate, so any cosmic - ray influence on the climate must be very small (a weak correlation can be obscured by noise; a strong control is almost always visible «by eye,» and clearly is absent).

UV radiation levels in the stratosphere or cosmic ray influences on low level cloud formation) may be amplified by natural resonance matching to the overall climate system.

Finally I attempt a suggestion that perhaps one solution to the problem that the solar impact on climate is underestimated by models might be because EBM and GCM, like GISS, do not contain CO2 and CH4 cycle mechanisms that might be partially effected by the Sun, and other mechanisms are missing or uncertain (water vapor, cloud cover, vegetation, bacteria respiration, UV radiation, cosmic ray effects etc.).

al paper on cosmic ray & clouds, and they generate the global distribution of cosmic ray induced ions (CRII) by modeling.

CLOUD's genesis is in the mid-1990s, when space physicist Hendrik Svensmark hypothesized that cosmic rays as mediated by solar effects, play a very large role on the physics of climate, and could explain the warming and cooling trends.

topal - Nobody rejects science when it's real science??? Please tell that to climate deniers who say that CO2 isn't being increased by anthropogenic activity, that it has no effect on temperatures, that it's all some unknown long term cycle, that it's cosmic rays, that all of the science is a malicous plot by the Illuminati, etc. etc. etc..

First, this effect (influence on cloud formation by solar cycle modulation of cosmic rays) has been known for half a century.

I know there have been solar studies and the cosmic ray / cloud connection is being tested at CERN today, but I believe there has been far too little effort to try to fully understand all the mechanisms by which our sun drives our climate, and far too much emphasis on AGW.

It is conjectured that this mechanism could be the explanation for the observed correlations between past climate variations and cosmic rays, modulated by either solar activity or supernova activity in the solar neighborhood on very long time scales.

I am concerned about the apparent lack of correlation between the shortwave reflections and CRF as measured by the neutron counter (figure 6 on my DRAFT copy of «Cosmic rays modulation of the cloud effects on the radiative flux in the Southern Hemisphere Magnetic Anomaly region»).

Reply to «Comment on «Cosmic - ray - driven reaction and greenhouse effect of halogenated molecules: Culprits for atmospheric ozone depletion and global climate change» by Dana Nuccitelli et al.» Q. - B.

If interception by solar wind of extrasolarsystem alien space invading cosmic rays affects climate on earth, where we have thick layers of ionosphere, stratosphere & troposphere, can climatic cycles here be compared & contrasted with those on Mars, the density of whose atmosphere resembles our stratosphere & of course whose composition is largely of «greenhouse gases»?

Cosmogenic isotopes, which are produced by galactic cosmic rays impacting on meteoroids and whose production rate is modulated by the varying HMF convected outward by the solar wind, may offer an alternative tool for the investigation of the HMF in the past centuries.

Although it is generally believed that the increase in the mean global surface temperature since industrialization is caused by the increase in green house gases in the atmosphere, some people cite solar activity, either directly or through its effect on cosmic rays, as an underestimated contributor to such global warming.

There have been many studies aiming to test this hypothesis since AR4, 50 which fall in two categories: i) studies that seek to establish a causal relationship between cosmic rays and 51 aerosols / clouds by looking at correlations between the two quantities on timescales of days to decades, and 52 ii) studies that test through observations or modelling one of the physical mechanisms that have been put 53 forward.

There have been many studies aiming to test this hypothesis since AR4, which fall in two categories: i) studies that seek to establish a causal relationship between cosmic rays and aerosols / clouds by looking at correlations between the two quantities on timescales of days to decades, and studies that test through observations or modeling one of the physical mechanisms that have been put forward.

Cosmic rays are deflected and guided by the Earth's field, but the small disturbances caused by the solar wind are not enough to have any measurable effect of the cosmic rays entering the Earth's atmosphere and thus also not on the cCosmic rays are deflected and guided by the Earth's field, but the small disturbances caused by the solar wind are not enough to have any measurable effect of the cosmic rays entering the Earth's atmosphere and thus also not on the ccosmic rays entering the Earth's atmosphere and thus also not on the clouds.

7.4.5 Impact of Cosmic Rays on Aerosols and Clouds 43 44 High solar acti0vity leads to variations in the strength and three - dimensional structure of the heliosphere, 45 which reduces the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) impinging upon the Earth's atmosphere by increasing 46 the deflection of low energCosmic Rays on Aerosols and Clouds 43 44 High solar acti0vity leads to variations in the strength and three - dimensional structure of the heliosphere, 45 which reduces the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) impinging upon the Earth's atmosphere by increasing 46 the deflection of low energcosmic rays (GCR) impinging upon the Earth's atmosphere by increasing 46 the deflection of low energy GCR.

Reconstructing cosmic ray fluxes The starting point of [Shaviv and Veizer, 2003] is a reconstruction of cosmic ray fluxes over the past 1,000 m.y. based on 50 iron meteorites and a simple model estimating cosmic ray flux (CRF) induced by the Earth's passage through Galactic spiral arms -LRB-[Shaviv, 2002; Shaviv, 2003]-RRB-.

Reply to comment by N.D. Marsh and H. Svensmark on «Solar influence on cosmic rays and cloud formation: A reassessment».

I recall at the time that Svensmark was conducting research on our own sun's influence on cosmic rays modulated by the solar wind, but you had the big cosmos picture in mind even then.