Sentences with phrase «by crustal»

The teacher guide highlights how to use the Continent Boundaries tool to illustrate how Bouger gravity anomalies are controlled by crustal densities in the passive margin transition zone.

They treated the images as though they were parts of a giant geological jigsaw puzzle, with ridges and bands and other features that have been split and separated by crustal movements, and tried to trace how the surface of Europa had transformed over time.

The study, Lifetime and size of shallow magma bodies controlled by crustal - scale magmatism, was led by researchers at ETH Zurich, and also included researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Not exact matches

The relatively high water content of NWA 7034, which could be as much as 0.6 % by weight, suggests that «crustal or surface processes involving water may have lasted» well beyond the 4 - billion - year mark, Agee adds.

The meteorite is made of volcanic rock, and the presence of water in it suggests that crustal rocks on Mars interacted with surface water that was delivered by volcanic activity, near - surface reservoirs or by impacting comets, Agee says.

This article by Kristin Morell, Christine Regalla, Lucinda J. Leonard, and Vic Levson presents evidence for earthquake surface ruptures along the Leech River fault, a prominent crustal fault near Victoria, British Columbia.

This is just one of 12 giant eruptions reported from the area by the Leicester team, who show that intense hotspot magmatism caused major crustal subsidence, forming the 100 km - wide Snake River Basin.

The shrinking seems to have slowed down after about a billion years, but the grey, pockmarked world we see today is crisscrossed by steep crustal ridges that reveal the period of rapid contraction.

In these regions of «flat - slab» subduction, the Nazca plate moves horizontally for several hundred kilometers before continuing its descent into the mantle, and is shadowed by an extended zone of crustal seismicity in the overlying South America plate.

Simons and his colleagues combined seismic data recorded around the world, crustal movements on Japan recorded by GPS, and tsunami waves recorded at buoys at sea.

Computer models can give a good estimate of mantle flow and crustal uplift, he said, and GNET's mission is to make those models better by providing direct observations of present - day crustal motion.

This field most likely originated from crustal remanence produced by an earlier dynamo, suggesting that Vesta formed an advecting liquid metallic core.

If he could show that the roads in Glen Roy had been formed by the same process as those in Coquimbo on the other side of the world, then he could propose a theory of global «crustal uplift» as the prime mover in the creation of the continents, which would be an impressive, career - making thing to do.

Then Earth reached a critical point 2.3 billion years ago when the fumes released when crustal rocks are squeezed and deformed could no longer absorb the oxygen produced by bacteria.

Age is critical because it takes about 200 million years for oxygen isotopes in the seas and crustal rocks to be homogenised by cycling through thermal vents in the ocean floor.

By comparing the repeat - pass radar observations, scientists hope to measure any crustal deformations that may occur between observations, allowing them to «see» the amount of strain building up on fault lines, and giving them a clearer picture of which faults are active and at what rates they're moving, both before earthquakes and after them.

Ancient diamonds reveal crust's moves Diamonds from deep within the Earth suggest that the planet had begun its system of plate tectonics, in which great crustal plates shift across the surface, by 3 billio

In the Mississippi Delta, where rates of land loss are especially severe, subsidence of the land surface reflects natural processes, such as sediment compaction and crustal loading, but this is exacerbated by anthropogenic withdrawal of fluids (water, oil, natural gas).

On Earth, subduction is driven by our planet's hot core, which heats the mantle, causing it to rise up to the surface and move the crustal plates.

This detailed knowledge, in turn, provides deeper insight into the mechanisms by which planets in general cool down, by which their magnetic fields are generated, and by which the separation of lighter elements from heavier ones as planets develop their internal structure releases additional energy for geologic processes and alters crustal compositions.

Also, it is suggested that at least 20 % of Mg is lost from continents by chemical weathering (Mg being extremely mobile during weathering), which is one of the primary controls for finally leaving behind a Si - rich and Mg - poor continental mass, thereby decreasing crustal recycling by subduction (Lee et al. 2008), important for continental survival.

The latter is almost linearly related to changes in ice sheet volume; the former, however, is influenced by a range of factors, including atmosphere / ocean dynamics and changes in Earth's gravitational field, rotation, and crustal and the mantle deformation associated with the redistribution of mass between land ice and the ocean.

In contrast to the constant crustal movement seen on Earth, Venus is thought to undergo periodic episodes of plate tectonics, in which the crust is subducted rapidly within a few million years separated by stable periods of a few hundred million years.

Even more crustal minerals were formed by plate tectonics with the help of lubricating ocean water, atmospheric oxygen from the successful development of photosynthetic microbes, and land - based lichens (of algae and fungi) and mosses which were followed by deep - rooted plants that hastened the erosion and weathering of surface rocks with the help of biochemical action and the creation of soils as well as new clay minerals.

Collecting data from NASA's satellite Gravity and Recovery Climate Experiment, known as GRACE, and GPS measurements of the bedrock on the edges of the ice sheet, the Denmark Technical Institute's National Space Institute in Copenhagen was able to show that crustal uplift due to ice loss has gone up by 1.5 inches between October 2005 and August 2009 along the northwest coast, a change that study co-author John Wahr calls «very dramatic».

By examining the data, researchers discovered how, during the last billion years, a crustal root was formed underneath the mountains and the rift system in the East Antarctic.

Convective patterns driven by heat transport in the interior of the Earth push one crustal plate under another (subduction) and the friction heats up the magma necessary for volcanic action — which in turn releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

Seafloor eruption rates, and mantle melting fueling eruptions, may be influenced by sea - level and crustal loading cycles at scales from fortnightly to 100 kyr.

These geoid and crustal changes, while typically small compared with the tens of centimetre changes driven by oceanographic processes on shorter time scales, become increasingly important as the time scale of interest increases and the size of the dynamic ocean signal decreases.»

We suggest that the resolution of this issue is consistent with our estimate of the approximately +7 m Holsteinian global sea level, and is provided by Raymo & Mitrovica [58], who pointed out the need to make a glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) correction for post-glacial crustal subsidence at the places where Hearty and others deduced local sea - level change.

The formulary also enables estimation of local vertical crustal motions at tide gauge stations that are not monitored by collocated GPS stations.

Wahr, J. & Han, D. Predictions of crustal deformation caused by changing polar ice on a viscoelastic earth.