Sentences with phrase «by deep convection»

Not exact matches

«The water could only have risen from below, driven upward by powerful convection originating deep in the atmosphere.

Presumably, the strong stellar wind emitted by giant stars eventually blows the titanium oxide out of the star's outer regions (along with hydrogen and helium gases and dust made of elements and molecules like carbon) into interstellar space, until vigorous convection brings out more titanium and oxygen that are created from nuclear processes deeper in the star.

Observations of the humidity in the upper troposphere and its relation with sea surface temperature in areas of deep convection point to an overall positive climate feedback by water vapour in the upper troposphere, which is inconsistent with the Iris effect.

(In real life I understand that mixing is the main agent of deeper warming in the ocean due to winds, currents, etc.) Only the top skin of water heats up and therefore lower warming must be by diffusion, or are convection cells within the water inevitable?

In a further experiment, Böning and co-workers showed that a cumulative freshwater volume of ~ 20,000 cubic kilometers leads to a breakdown of deep convection and a slowdown of the AMOC by 5 Sv within a few years.

If we call the deep ocean the bottom 3 km, then, were it not for convection carrying the heat to the surface, the total geothermal heat flux of about 20TW would raise the temperature of the deep ocean by 1K every 4000 years or so.

The links between model biases and the underlying assumptions of the shallow cumulus scheme are further diagnosed with the aid of large - eddy simulations and aircraft measurements, and by suppressing the triggering of the deep convection scheme.

This is important because deeper, organized convection tends to be more persistent, unless it is regulated by such external factors as vertical wind shear or insufficient moisture.

The relationships between the NAO and deep water production are discussed by R. Dickson, «Observations of DecCen climate variability in convection and water mass formation in the northern hemisphere,» in the CLIVAR Villefranche workshop summary at http://www.dkrz.de/clivar/villesum.html. More generally, see the Climate Research Committee, National Research Council, Natural Climate Variability on Decade - to - Century Time Scales (National Academy Press 1995).

But deep water production by convection may be less, depending on how much NADW is Arctic in origin and how much is simply recirculated Antarctic bottom water (extremely dense water, formed as brine under the sea ice around polynas offshore of Antarctica and sliding down the continental shelf into the depths without much mixing, creates a giant pool of dense water extending all the way up the bottom of the Atlantic to about 60 ° N).

A mechanism that can account for the speed with which heat penetrates to such great depths is deep convection caused by vertical density differences.

Given that the high - latitude trends are closely associated with the two PSA modes, and that these modes have been linked with ENSO variability (e.g. Mo 2000) and with tropical deep convection (Mo and Higgins 1998), it is natural to hypothesize that the high - latitude trends may be driven by changes in low - latitude SSTs.

That is all co2 radiation deeper into the troposphere is all absorbed and the radations there has no function but to equalize all temperature variances within the troposhere, by radiation transfer within, not just convection and conduction.

It will get colder and deeper as it tries to balance the energy required by the evaporative / boiling process in the Knudsen layer with the energy being supplied from below via convection and conduction.

Processes taken into account included (i) air mixing by pressure and temperature gradients down to a few meters below the surface (i.e., the so - called convection zone); (ii) molecular diffusion in the open pore space and gravitational fractionation (entrainment toward the deeper firn depends on concentration gradients, diffusivities, and molar mass); and (iii) a downward air flux in the open porosity zone due to bubble closure removing air from the open pores.