I'm not sure that Descartes wouldn't be pleased
by this dualism.
He has been fascinated
by the dualism of things since a very young age, which is displayed in his fascination over compositions in black and white.
It is enough only to point out that the inertness bequeathed to matter
by dualism has become the basis upon which the quantification of physical reality and motion in Newtonian and Cartesian physics has been constructed.
Without the sphere of unconscious and lifeless chunks of matter delineated
by dualism such a methodological ideal (which animates current efforts especially in biology to find the physico - chemical «secret» of life) could hardly have taken hold in modern scientific thought.
The second solution to the problem posed
by dualism took this materiality as its clue and held that minds are functions of matter.
His introduction of causal efficacy as a mode of perception is designed to overcome this schism, what he refers to as the «bifurcation of nature» introduced into philosophy
by the dualism of Descartes and Locke.
On the other hand, I was troubled
by the dualism involved in his revelational positivism.
Not exact matches
But when confronted with the unbiblical character of this
dualism and
by its historic consequences, few Christians have defended it.
By treating the spiritual as a dimension of the material, Smith overcomes every trace of
dualism between this world and the next.
I too, as a virtue ethicist atheist whose transhumanism seems to be rooted in
dualism as Leah is, can only ponder tha Kantean imperitives of vanilla
dualism by mean of the French feminist approached to hermaneutics.
Some Christian commentators suggest that the biblical view of sex was corrupted
by Greek
dualism.
The original Christian cosmovital notion of the sacred was attacked
by «orphic and gnostic
dualism» before it could create a culture equal to itself.
While it is true that the event of the Crucifixion, or the movement of the universal process of atonement, reveals the self - estrangement of God, a polarity manifesting itself in the yawning chasm between the Father and the Son, a consistent and radical form of faith must never fall into a nondialectical
dualism by wholly isolating the alien God and the incarnate Word.
For example, praising God
by naming both an attribute and action of God would avoid the mistaken
dualism that sometime creeps into Christian piety and prayer when divine actions and attributes are separated.
On the whole,
dualism was accepted
by the general culture.
Whereas the dichotomy of subject and object has been challenged
by experiments in modern physics, a Cartesian
dualism still provides the philosophical background of modern molecular biology and, more recently, sociobiology.
This dimension of Hellenism is an important source of much of our traditional
dualisms, such as soul - body and the denigration of worldliness, which in part was adopted
by the Christian tradition.
This is true even of Platonism, with its inextirpable
dualism, its dialectic of change and the changeless (or of limit and the infinite), and its equation of truth with eidetic abstraction; the world, for all its beauty, is the realm of fallen vision, separated
by a great chorismos from the realm of immutable reality.
In order to maintain a dipolarity of process and permanence, rather than an incoherent
dualism of these principles, whatever exists at the termination of a process / whole must be sustained
by another process, that is, must be a part of some new creating whole.
But whether I use the term «psychicalism,» favored
by the process philosophers, or such terms as Russell's «neutral stuff» or Feigl's distinction between the physical as the «reference» and the psychical as the «sense,» I am merely positing a name, not arguing philosophically for a conceptual scheme designed to overcome the body / mind
dualism.
For him, as for Whitehead too,
dualism of mind and matter is replaced
by a gradation of higher and lower degrees of experience.
The doctrine of dependent origination underlies the rejection
by Buddhists of both monism and
dualism.
Bilbro argues that the Puritans perpetuated «a damaging
dualism»
by viewing salvation as a solitary matter unconnected to economic life and its environmental costs.
This, however, has been pronounced a false
dualism by many masters of scientific and philosophical reasoning.
The existence of the human «stream of consciousness» to which these belong is not denied, as it is
by those monistic behaviorisms and materialisms which attempt to avoid Cartesian
dualism while still not questioning Cartesian metaphysical analyses of «matter» and «mind.»
Stapledon concretizes his criticism of the classical
dualism in most philosophies
by employing a cosmology strikingly Whiteheadian in nature.
The appearance of Susan Moller Okin's study of Western political philosophy, Women in Political Thought, helped me to address theoretically this challenge of «Third World» women
by developing a feminist systemic analysis that can distinguish between androcentric
dualism and patriarchy.
Was it greatly influenced
by the strong anti-worldly and anti-bodily Manichean
dualism?
By thus divorcing this relation from the clear ethical implications which both Buber and Ferdinand Ebner have given it, Heim makes possible a
dualism on the basis of which he characterizes man's relation with the eternal Thou as taking place in an altogether different dimension from his relation with his human Thou.
In pointing to the prior reality of I - Thou knowing, Buber is not setting forth a
dualism such as is implied
by Nicholas Berdyaev's rejection of the world of social objectification in favour of existential subjectivity or Ferdinand Ebner's relegation of mathematical thinking to the province of the pure isolated I («Icheinsamkeit»).
Zen begins with the ordinary individual who is separated from his own true Buddha nature
by the false dichotomies of a «Buddha» far back in history, or now in Nirvana; or, more existentially, man as separated from the world around him
by a subject - object
dualism.
It is also found in Judaism, where the autochthonous prophetic belief is opposed
by an apocalyptic one built up out of elements from Iranian
dualism.
4This is not to identify Sherburne with the skeptical mind - body
dualism established
by Descartes and recently examined in its broadest ramifications
by Richard Rorty in his Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979).
The feminist literature (and much of post-modernism) has been driven
by an animosity against Descartes and his substance
dualism.
The general implications of which I am thinking are, so far as I can see, independent of the divergences between the versions of «Relativity» advocated
by individual physicists; their value as I think, is that they enable us to formulate the problem to which Bergson has the eminent merit of making the first approach in a clear and definite way, and to escape what I should call the impossible
dualism to which Bergson's own proposed solution commits him.
The other great failure of Fuller's account (also shared
by Gillespie) is his interpretation of the Christian tradition in terms of the
dualism of body and soul.
On the one hand he combats
dualism by presenting a view of human beings «shorn of its dependence of speaking of the soul», because he thinks that the soul brings in
dualism.
Wittgenstein countered Descartes»
dualism, after all,
by observing that the philosophical question he was most famous for — how do I know that I am?
Peter van Inwagen, who has become a Christian, is also motivated
by the overriding desire to avoid
dualism but only considers two alternative views of human beings: physicalism and
dualism.
Cartesian
dualism and the notion of «vacuous actuality» are also among the several other doctrines or notions included
by Whitehead under this heading.
As Teilhard de Chardin observes, the
dualism produced
by a metaphysical formulation of Christian transcendence produces in the Christian a schizoid spirituality.
Epistemological
dualism was unheard of; man could and did know reality
by immediate contact.
Cartesian
dualism, sharply separating mind and body, had long been rejected
by the twentieth century and with it the Platonic idea of a soul, or mind, that could exist independently and forever apart from a body.
The way to deal with
dualism is not
by attacking members» stupidity or insensitivity, but
by overcoming the
dualism implicit in the way most members currently experience the church.
Some might contend that it is vain to replace a
dualism of mind and matter
by an equally baffling
dualism of merely sensitive in contrast to cognitive experiencing.
Thereby we can overcome the usual
dualism by which causation is regarded as a feature of the realm of matter, while perception is conceived as belonging only to mind.
Occasionally, Hartshorne even speaks of a «besouled body,» but
by such language he means only the probability of certain modes of action and experience that embody a given personality's characteristic traits.11 Consequently, he suggests that, when a person's body goes into a deep, dreamless sleep, the soul loses its actuality, only to regain it when the person awakens.12 Understandably, therefore, he disregards as inapplicable to his own view Gilbert Ryle's well - known caricature of Cartesian anthropological
dualism as «the dogma of the Ghost in the Machine» — especially since Hartshorne denies that the human body is a «machine» in any materialistic, mechanical sense.13
Just as Hartshorne's cosmology abandons the traditional Western metaphysical
dualism of matter and mind, so his anthropology rejects the derivative notion, explicitly advocated
by Plato and Descartes, that man is basically a dualistic being composed of a material body and a spiritual soul.
Taking up its seat in man's flesh, (Paul is no doubt influenced here
by Hellenistic
dualism between flesh and spirit, although it is to be noted that he does not regard flesh as being essentially evil.
The competitive nature of this programmatic
dualism is most obvious where a separate building to house the Sunday School — the Christian education unit — stands side
by side with the sanctuary.