Sentences with phrase «by electrons in»

The energy lost by the electrons in the process of generating this synchrotron light is restored as they pass through the RF cavities.

To achieve this the researchers took advantage of the manner in which Fe atoms move across the surface of graphene when irradiated by electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

The processes were regulated by electrons in the electrical circuit, but the ions» journeys — and the battery structures — subtly changed each time.

I've never seen inside an atom but I believe it has a dense nucleus and is surrounded by electrons in multiple energy levels.

Not exact matches

By this he means an energy project that could produce electrons for the grid in mass quantity, as opposed to something clever that barely generates more energy than you put in to build it.

These machines use lasers — or, in some cases, high - power electron beams — to draw shapes in a layer of metal powder by melting the material.

Deflection of MeV Electrons by Self - Generated Magnetic Fields in Intense Laser - Solid Interactions

Suprathermal electrons generated by the two - plasmon - decay instability in gas - filled Hohlraums

Conceivably, the earlier phases fade before the later, in the same sense that antecedent moments in the orbit of an electron no longer exist by the time the orbit is complete.

Thus, at the lowest level, electrons tend to unite and converge in the atom; atoms converge by molecularization, crystallization; molecules unite by polymerization; cells unite by conjugation, reproduction, association; nerve ganglions concentrate and localize to form a brain by what might be called a process of cephalization; the higher animal groups form colonies, hives, herds, societies, etc.; man socializes and forms civilizations as foci of attraction and organization.

Let us think of an electron microscope giving the situation of a target T with an atom A in the target with an electron coming in and being scattered by the atom.

Likewise, the ratio of electrons to protons can not vary by more than 1 part in 10 to the 37th power or else electromagnetic interactions would prevent chemical reactions.

His analysis of the idea of molecular structure from «first principles» shows that if one starts from a description of the molecule as an isolated, dynamical system consisting of the number of electrons and nuclei implied by the stoichiometric formula that interact via electromagnetic forces, one can not even calculate the most important parameters in chemistry, namely, those that describe the molecular structure.8

Likewise, the ratio of electrons to protons can not vary by more than 1 part in 1037 or else electromagnetic interactions would prevent chemical reactions.

However, if we look at the present state of the electron, we see that its future state is determined by the present event in which it is situated.

Within physics complementary models are used in the domain of the unobservably small, whose characteristics seem to be radically unlike those of everyday objects; the electron can not be adequately visualized or consistently described by familiar analogies.

They can't even explain how an electron does what it does yet they expand from that un-admitted ignorance to thinking they understand all things in nature and the cosmos by simply observing.

In my view this arises from the striving of partly completed atoms and molecules to complete their forms by capturing electrons.

Likewise, an electron or a proton would be an enduring object by virtue of the fact that, besides the «yet more ultimate actual entities» within the electronic or protonic society (PR 139), the «electronic and protonic actual entities» (PR 139) are regnant occasions within the society in which they are members.

In the first experience of a new individual, memory must by definition be lacking; insofar as electrons and the like lack enduring individual identity, neither can they remember.

We will be concerned, however, with mental models of systems which for various reasons can not be represented by replicas, such as the economy of a nation, the electrons in an atom or the biblical God.

For this reason, Whitehead's assignment of freedom as well as the vast causal influence of the past even to such minute entities as electrons seems to be in accord with the world revealed to us by science.

But, as Bohm points out, such a position can not stand up to critical analysis, for the molecules studied by biologists in living organisms are constituted of electrons, protons and other such particles, from which it must follow that they too are capable of behaving in ways that can not be described in terms of mechanical concepts.

It is by virtue of their physical properties that electrons and other particles combine in different ways to produce atoms, and so it is with atoms that find themselves in juxtaposition and then combine to produce molecules.

This curtain seemed to be raised by a few inches in the nineteen twenties, in those heroic days when de Broglie and Schroedinger de-materialized matter like the stage magician who makes the lady vanish from the box, while Heisenberg (1969) eased her out of the straitjacket of determinism and proclaimed that the principle of complementarity agreed «very nicely» with the mind - body dualism — the implication being that the particle aspect of the electron was analogous to the body, its wave aspect to the mind.

We (and science in general) start by accepting the real existence of certain scientific objects — atoms, electrons, gravitation, light, etc..

In our body, antioxidants like the ones in this blueberry, pomegranate and lemon popsicle neutralize the free radicals by donating an electron and in turn become oxidized themselveIn our body, antioxidants like the ones in this blueberry, pomegranate and lemon popsicle neutralize the free radicals by donating an electron and in turn become oxidized themselvein this blueberry, pomegranate and lemon popsicle neutralize the free radicals by donating an electron and in turn become oxidized themselvein turn become oxidized themselves.

In order for K - 40 to decay by electron capture, there has to be an electron (for the radioactive nucleus) to capture.

You can also pay using Visa, Mastercard, Solo, Electron and Switch, in which case you can choose whether to use the secure Realex system (selected by HSBC bank) or PayPal card payments.

The Saratoga cluster is anchored by GlobalFoundries, the largest foundry in North America and supported by a complete set of supply chain companies that include Applied Materials (AMAT), ASML, DNSE, KLA - Tencor, Lam Research, Mattson and Tokyo Electron (TEL).

On Earth, the brightest auroras (the high - altitude glows often called the northern and southern lights) are generated when electrons in outer space near Earth are accelerated by large electrical potentials, or voltages, along the lines in our planet's magnetic field and slam into gas molecules in the upper atmosphere above polar regions.

«Their expertise was in low - temperature liquid helium physics, so they were trying to build a quantum computer by floating single electrons on top of a bath of liquid helium and manipulating those single electrons,» O'Connell says.

There are basically two types of lines, those produced by collisions between the atoms or ions and the electrons in the surrounding gas, which are called collision lines, and which are very bright for elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and neon, and lines which are produced when ions capture free electrons, which are called recombination lines, and which are bright only for those gases with the highest abundances in the interstellar medium: hydrogen and helium.

In the long term, electrons accelerated by high - repetition PW pulses could slash the cost of particle physicists» dream machine: a 30 - kilometer - long electron - positron collider that would be a successor to the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland.

Inside this shell is a ghostly blue glow that is radiation given off by electrons spiraling at nearly the speed of light in the powerful magnetic field around the crushed stellar core.

Scientists don't fully understand what's driving Jupiter's strongest auroras, but data gathered by the orbiting Juno spacecraft hint that the electrons generating Jupiter's polar glows may be accelerated by turbulent waves in the planet's magnetic field — a process somewhat akin to surfers being driven shoreward ahead of breaking ocean waves, the researchers report today in Nature.

Specifically, Yevgeny Raitses, working at PPPL; Marlene Patino, a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles; and Angela Capece, a professor at the College of New Jersey, have in the past year published experimental findings on how secondary electron emission is affected by different wall materials and structures, based on research they did at PPPL.

The physicists calculated that tiny fibers called «fractals,» because they look the same when viewed at different scales, can trap electrons dislodged from the interior surfaces by other electrons zooming in from the plasma.

Finkbeiner speculates the source may be electrons given off by dark matter in our galaxy or extraneous emission that accompanied the release of the microwave background in the primordial universe.

A detailed view of TRPM8's structure, obtained using cryo - electron microscopy, was published by a different research group online December 7 in Science.

But in fact, the electricity is carried by tiny particles called electrons that slowly drift through the wires.

A team led by Stuart Licht at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa has come up with a new cathode made from unusual iron - based molecules — iron (VI), or «super-iron,» compounds — that absorb more electrons than manganese dioxide.

Electron interactions in superconductors are dictated by a quantum property called spin.

A NEW kind of laser that powers up by freezing light in its tracks could lead to computers that run on photons, instead of electrons.

With the images produced by ECT, the team was the first to see how electron transport proteins were distributed in the membrane to form the nanowires.

Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions in Cuprates Observed by Ultrafast Electron Crystallography

Localizing Tritiated Norepinephrine in Sympathetic Axons by Electron Microscopic Autoradiography

As its sharp - tipped probe scans a surface, the extent to which electrons «tunnel» between the tip and surface indicates changes in height caused by the presence of atoms.

As the EPR experiment pointed out, according to quantum theory, if two particles — electrons, for example — are initially vibrating in unison (a state called coherence), they can remain in wavelike synchronization even if they are separated by a large distance.

The researchers found that by tuning certain dimensions of the microfluidic lattice, they were able to direct billions of microbes to align and swim in the same direction, much the way electrons circulate in the same direction when they create a magnetic field.