Sentences with phrase «by electrons with»

These bursts must have been caused by electrons with energies of 1000 teraelectronvolts or more, about 100 times the energies that the protons inside the LHC will attain at full power.

Such a perturbation is caused by an electron with an opposite spin, relative to the magnetisation.

Not exact matches

Let us think of an electron microscope giving the situation of a target T with an atom A in the target with an electron coming in and being scattered by the atom.

At the very bottom of the board we have the 92 simple chemical elements (from hydrogen to uranium) formed by groups of atomic nuclei together with their electrons.

We will be concerned, however, with mental models of systems which for various reasons can not be represented by replicas, such as the economy of a nation, the electrons in an atom or the biblical God.

For this reason, Whitehead's assignment of freedom as well as the vast causal influence of the past even to such minute entities as electrons seems to be in accord with the world revealed to us by science.

It is by virtue of their physical properties that electrons and other particles combine in different ways to produce atoms, and so it is with atoms that find themselves in juxtaposition and then combine to produce molecules.

This curtain seemed to be raised by a few inches in the nineteen twenties, in those heroic days when de Broglie and Schroedinger de-materialized matter like the stage magician who makes the lady vanish from the box, while Heisenberg (1969) eased her out of the straitjacket of determinism and proclaimed that the principle of complementarity agreed «very nicely» with the mind - body dualism — the implication being that the particle aspect of the electron was analogous to the body, its wave aspect to the mind.

There are basically two types of lines, those produced by collisions between the atoms or ions and the electrons in the surrounding gas, which are called collision lines, and which are very bright for elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and neon, and lines which are produced when ions capture free electrons, which are called recombination lines, and which are bright only for those gases with the highest abundances in the interstellar medium: hydrogen and helium.

This additional contribution can be determined by comparing the X-ray measurements taken early on during the growth of the wire, with the electron microscope measurement after growth has ended.

A team led by Stuart Licht at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa has come up with a new cathode made from unusual iron - based molecules — iron (VI), or «super-iron,» compounds — that absorb more electrons than manganese dioxide.

It's an essential skill that allowed humans to make everything from skyscrapers (by reinforcing concrete with steel) to solar cells (by layering materials to herd along electrons).

With the images produced by ECT, the team was the first to see how electron transport proteins were distributed in the membrane to form the nanowires.

Their massive electron micrographs of the joint showed tiny, perfectly formed screws and nuts, with a thread far more delicate than those made by humans.

Yet, contrary to common textbook opinion, according to which the phase transition is determined solely by the electrons, it is the interaction of the electrons with the atomic lattice of the solid which is the determinant factor.

«Improving performance is achievable only by replacing electrons with photons, i.e. particles of light.»

«One way to know is by understanding how electrons move around in these materials so we can develop new ways of manipulating them — for example, with light instead of electrical current as conventional computers do.»

When these nanocomposites were incorporated into leaf chloroplasts of living plants, the electron flow associated with photosynthesis was enhanced by 30 %.

Giovanni Bignami, an astrophysicist at the Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements in Toulouse, France, has now found a pulsar that tests physics another way, by illuminating the invisible stretches of interstellar material with a brilliant blast of energetic electrons.

Incorporation of CNTs enhanced electron flow associated with photosynthesis by 49 % in extracted chloroplasts and by 30 % in leaves of living plants, and incorporation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) into extracted chloroplasts significantly reduced concentrations of superoxide, a compound that is toxic to plants.

First they doped a lithium niobate crystal with traces of iron and manganese, which created traps for the electrons by adding a new set of energy levels.

EPR, by contrast, detects the magnetic moment associated with unpaired conduction electrons in metallic lithium with very high sensitivity and time resolution on the order of a few minutes or even seconds.

Awschalom's team recently discovered an effect predicted 35 years ago, called the spin Hall effect: By introducing certain chemical defects into a semiconductor, electrons with opposite spins can be induced to move in opposite directions and line up on the sides of a chip.

The team concludes that these signals are generated by speeding electrons produced when cosmic rays collide with molecules in the air (Physical Review Letters, DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.105.151101).

The researchers direct a beam of electrons onto a thin, dielectric foil, where the electron wave is modulated by irradiation with an orthogonally oriented laser.

By removing those three electrons, americium behaves like plutonium and uranium, which is then easy to remove with existing technology.

By being able to observe what actually happens, scientists can begin to understand how an electron interacts with other electrons, which may help improve the efficiency of solar cells.

This counterintuitive property results from plasmons, which are hybrid electron - light particles created by coupling light with electrons in a metal.

These feature make ultrashort electron pulse trains an ideal tool with which to monitor, in real time, the ultrafast processes initiated by the impact of light oscillations onto matter.

KATRIN will study neutrinos, which are less than a millionth the mass of an electron, by sifting through the aftermath of radioactive decays of tritium, an isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons.

Researchers have tried to get around this by coating the tips with chemicals that boost electron emission, but this can be problematic because some of the most effective ones burst into flames when exposed to air.

«This gives us the option of creating new atoms dressed by the field of the laser, with new electron energy levels,» explains Jean - Pierre Wolf.

Robert Grubbs, a chemist now at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and colleagues solved this problem by replacing molybdenum with ruthenium, a less electron - hungry transition metal.

«By twisting and controlling the molecular bonds with light,» Awschalom says, «it is possible to operate on the electron spins as they move through the chemical structure.»

For a monopole with twice the minimum charge, Rajantie and Gould determined that magnetic monopoles must be more massive than about 10 billion electron volts, going by data from collisions of lead nuclei in the Super Proton Synchrotron, a smaller accelerator at CERN.

Through a combination of high - resolution cryo - electron microscopy (cryo - EM) and a unique methodology for image analysis, a team of researchers with Berkeley Lab and the University of California (UC) Berkeley has produced an atomic view of microtubules that enabled them to identify the crucial role played by a family of end - binding (EB) proteins in regulating microtubule dynamic instability.

In what Grashorn calls a «serendipitous discovery», his team has worked out that these signals are generated by speeding electrons produced when cosmic rays collide with molecules in the air.

They also provide an avenue for designing other types of electron emitters with atom - by - atom precision, said Nick Melosh, an associate professor at SLAC and Stanford who led the study.

This dual state would make it possible to control the motion of the electrons exposed to the electric field of both the nucleus and the laser, and would let the physicists to create atoms with «new,» tunable by light, electronic structure.

And another team at the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology in Japan helped the UChicago researchers make quantum defects in the materials by irradiating them with electron beams.

The observation was made by adding electrons to this material and then studying its band structure with a high precision, advanced spectroscopy technique.

The sun's cast - off electrons and ions move so fast they can easily be deflected by electric and magnetic fields to create what Winglee terms a mini-magnetosphere — with a greater surface area than that of projected solar sails.

In the late 1990s, Arthur Nozik of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, and the University of Colorado, Boulder, theorized that if the semiconductors were made out of nanoparticles, they could excite multiple electrons with less photon energy, because less of the incoming energy would be sapped by vibrating atoms in the crystalline lattice.

This work has demonstrated a successful control of a phase transformation from the layered SrNbO3.4 to the perovskite SrNbO3 with atomic precision by manipulating a focused sub-Angström electron beam to any selectable region.

To make their engine, the researchers first enclosed the ion (a calcium atom with one electron removed) inside an 8 - millimeter - long funnel - shaped electrical trap created by four electrodes.

«To conclude,» Banhart writes, «a connection between carbon nanotubes was achieved by depositing carbon contamination selectively at nanotube junctions with an electron beam.»

«By working with the oxide electron affinity, we were able to increase the asymmetry by more than ten-fold, making this diode design more attractive,» said ColBy working with the oxide electron affinity, we were able to increase the asymmetry by more than ten-fold, making this diode design more attractive,» said Colby more than ten-fold, making this diode design more attractive,» said Cola.

Li's team showed that during CRAND, cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere collide with neutral atoms, creating a splash that produces charged particles, including electrons, that become trapped by Earth's magnetic field.

Bingham and his colleagues applied the same calculations, but with the electromagnetic coupling between photons and electrons replaced by the far weaker coupling that exists between neutrinos and electrons.

Researchers in Spain have discovered that if lead atoms are intercalated on a graphene sheet, a powerful magnetic field is generated by the interaction of the electrons» spin with their orbital movement.