Sentences with phrase «by enzymes known»

Active cortisol and inert cortisone inter-conversion is mediated in organs such as the kidneys and liver by enzymes known as 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.

These phosphate groups are attached to proteins by enzymes known as kinases, while phosphatases act as their counterparts by removing them.

The DHT conversion from testosterone is facilitated by an enzyme known as 5 - alpha - reductase (5 - AR).

Not exact matches

... RNA is then relegated to the intermediate role it has today — no longer the center of the stage, displaced by DNA and the more effective protein enzymes.

It was prescient of Crick to guess that RNA could act as an enzyme, because that was not known for sure until it was proven in the 1980s by Nobel Prize - winning researcher Thomas R. Cech (2) and others.

The researchers were quite surprised by their finding because BX795 is known as an inhibitor of TBK1, an enzyme involved in innate immunity and neuroinflammation.

The researchers believe resveratrol confers its effects by activating the enzyme SIRT1, which is known to play a part in life extension.

They also helped to break down the poison, known more precisely as TCDD, by producing powerful enzymes called cytochrome P450s, which are normally confined to the liver.

The drugs were thought to produce those effects through distinct molecular pathways, but according to a new study led by scientists at Temple University School of Medicine, both types of drugs may help the failing heart by counteracting the effects of an enzyme known as GRK2.

Using the same computer - based approach, the team has now been able to target the c - FLIP (cellular FLICE [FADD - like IL - 1β - converting enzyme]- inhibitory) protein, known to play a key role in cancer stem cell maintenance and survival, described in previously published work by the Institute.

Suv39h1 is one of the main enzymes that chemically mark the irrelevant regions of DNA to be compacted by cellular machinery, but little is known about how it installs its tag.

Triglycerides in the bloodstream are broken down by an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase, known as LPL, inside capillaries — the body's smallest blood vessels.

These methyl groups can inactivate genes by making their DNA curl up, so that enzymes can no longer access the gene and read its instructions.

However, little is known about the specific growth - signaling pathways affected by DNA methyltransferase enzymes like DNMT3B.

To understand the underlying technology, it is important to know that these biological sensors consist of synthetic genes that are read by enzymes and converted into RNA and proteins.

The study, led by Zhimin Lu, M.D., Ph.D., professor of Neuro - Oncology, identified a previously unreported linkage between two enzymes known as Gcn5 and alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha - KGDH), providing important new information about a histone modification process called succinylation.

If we know, for example, that a cancer cell can be killed by deactivating a certain enzyme, researchers can build a detailed, 3 - D computer model of the enzyme to look for molecules that can go in and disable it.

Picking up on recent discoveries that the Notch - modifying enzyme known as Rumi is necessary for animal development and that various mutants of Rumi are linked with a form of skin hyperpigmentation known as Dowling - Degos disease (made by scientists at the Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Bonn, Germany), Li's group became focused on this particular enzyme.

There are other examples of proteins modified by other simple sugars, but Rumi is the first enzyme known to specifically add glucose.

Gleevec incapacitates the enzyme by docking into a pocket on the enzyme's surface that is usually reserved for a signaling molecule known as ATP.

Led by reproductive biologist Alex Travis, the engineering effort focuses on a chain of enzymes that metabolize glucose molecules into the biological fuel ATP (a process known as glycolysis), which enables sperm locomotion.

The experiment showed that, without this enzyme, these cyanobacteria could no longer synthesize chlorophyll f. By artificially adding the gene that encodes the enzyme, the researchers also showed that this one enzyme is all that is necessary to convert cyanobacteria that normally do not produce chlorophyll f into ones that can produce it.

If it collects mutations as a result of DNA mutations, it would no longer be recognized by the editing enzymes.

For more than twenty years, scientists have known that aspirin and its natural relatives, prepared from willow bark, act by interfering with an enzyme called PGHS.

«DNA methylation is a key mechanism by which day length and melatonin levels exert seasonal control over the expression of the deiodinase enzyme known as dio3, and dio3 expression likely acts as a key step for the maintenance of reproductive competency during the breeding season,» said co-author Tyler Stevenson, senior lecturer at the Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland.

«The favorable effect of coffee on liver cancer might be mediated by coffee's proven prevention of diabetes, a known risk factor for the disease, or for its beneficial effects on cirrhosis and liver enzymes.»

In particular, researchers know that collagen is broken down by a certain class of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), but exactly how they did this remained somewhat of a mystery, until now.

The process consists in knowing the type of proteins in charge of metabolizing the drugs (enzymes) for each patient which would, helped by a mathematical model, allow to establish the exact dose needed of the immunosuppressive drugs required.

In contrast to the original plant compound, the new substance can no longer be cleaved by the plant enzyme to generate the toxin.

The signal, which has been known for a long time, involves an enzyme present in every cell of the body, called PKR, which remains silent unless it is activated by a specific RNA structure thought to occur only in RNA made by viruses.

To take that step, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics and the University of Hamburg's Heinrich Pette Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology began with the bacterial enzyme Cre recombinase, which exchanges any two pieces of DNA flanked on either end by a certain pattern of nucleotides (DNA subunits) known as loxP.

There is something that flips a switch and it's usually not just one gene either, because most of these secondary compounds that make effective medicines are not just simple proteins that can be made by one gene; they are actually simpler molecules, but they have to be made by a whole pathway that has, you know, enzymes that are snipping here and adding on parts of the compound there, so that whole pathway has to get turned on and all these pathways can go in different directions.

Plants — from the maple or the yew tree to the corn in roadside fields — produce countless kinds of compounds, also known as natural products, that the plants manufacture using the enzymes predetermined by their genetic code.

The scientists found when Numb is reduced or methylated by an enzyme called Set8, it will no longer protect p53.

They knew that the enzyme requires oxygen to catalyze the production of methylphosphonate, so by eliminating oxygen they were able to get snapshots of the enzyme as it bound to the necessary reaction partners but before it performed the reaction.

In both cases, the production of new enzymes shuts down and the cells affected by the toxin can no longer grow or reproduce.

The scientists who posted this paper argued that a lot of people had immune responses to Cas9, because they knew that the two most widely used Cas9 enzymes come from S. aureus and S. pyogenes bacteria, and humans have been infected by these bacterias for a long time.

He was especially well known for his identification of zinc in various metalloproteins and enzymes, and was considered by many to be the «father of metallobiochemistry.»

Song's work joins that of researchers at the Salk Institute who, last year, discovered that boosting the level of a protein known as Neuregulin - 1 can help fight Alzheimer's by upping the levels an enzyme called neprilysin, which in turn breaks up plaques.

They found that Lactococcus lactis, used in the manufacture of dairy products, naturally releases an antioxidant known as superoxide dismutase A (SodA)-- but only if ruptured by a specific, bacteria - attacking enzyme.

Histones are removed by a group of at least a dozen enzymes, all known as histone deacetylases.

The regulation of physiological gut functions such as peristalsis or secretion of digestive enzymes by the central nervous system via the Nervus vagus is well known.

And by the way, even enzymes evolved for water don't necessarily need water — this has been known since the mid-80's.

Abstract: The regulation of physiological gut functions such as peristalsis or secretion of digestive enzymes by the central nervous system via the Nervus vagus is well known.

Xin hypothesized that she could make enzymes controllable by tethering them to Dronpa, a fluorescent protein known to oligomerize when exposed to ultraviolet light.

We have determined all known atomic structures of complex I, starting from the hydrophilic domain of Thermus thermophilus enzyme (eight subunits, nine Fe — S clusters), followed by the membrane domains of the Escherichia coli (six subunits, 55 transmembrane helices) and T. thermophilus (seven subunits, 64 transmembrane helices) enzymes, and finally culminating in a recent crystal structure of the entire intact complex I from T. thermophilus (536 kDa, 16 subunits, nine Fe — S clusters, 64 transmembrane helices).

Szostak knew that non-chromosomal linear DNAs in yeast normally insert themselves into chromosomes or are destroyed by cellular enzymes, presumably because they behave as if they result from random fractures.

Marine sponges build intricate skeletons with an internal structure made of glass needles by using enzymes known as silicateins that act both as catalysts that assemble the glass and as physical templates to form the material into needle shapes.

The drugs reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved not only with inflammation but also with certain processes involved in cancer, such as blood supply to the tumor and programmed cell death (known as apoptosis).

He revealed in his book that by 1981, scientists knew that fluoride inhibited enzymes by binding to their co-factors, such as magnesium and phosphate.