Sentences with phrase «by gene»

The protein is encoded by a gene called brain - derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF.

The problems resulting from errors caused by the gene insertion could be severe - even lethal - or they might not be evident until well after the child has been born, perhaps even well into adulthood, when the errors could be passed on to future generations.

A common approach is to sort genes by gene ontology (GO)[9] category and speculate on their likely function, involvement in potential pathways, and reasons for being under selection.

The first knockout mice constructed by gene targeting were published in 1989, and the rest is history.

Site - directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo - derived stem cells.

The identification of proteins, VGLUT1 - 3 (Neuron 2001, PNAS 2002), that pump glutamate into synaptic vesicles allows the packaging of the transmitter to be characterised in health and disease (J Comp Neurol 2004, 2006, 2007) and modified by gene knock - out (Science 2004).

FRS, and William Skarnes, Ph.D., at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, plans to systematically create mouse ES cell lines in which 5,000 genes have been knocked out by gene targeting.

Additional predicted gene targets were verified to bind Oct4 in situ, and targets were found to be enriched in several developmental and molecular processes by gene ontology analysis.

Gene constructs were made by gene synthesis (GeneartAG) using sequences that were codon - optimized for expression in human cells.

Recognizing the potential implications of a general method of altering the traits of entire populations, Kevin and colleagues have detailed ways to control, block, or even reverse changes made by gene drives and emphasized the importance of careful evaluation and regulatory reform.

In DNA, each protein is encoded by a gene (a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides that specify how a single protein is to be made).

The most frequent high penetrance melanoma gene found to be mutated in melanoma families is CDKN2A and the protein produced by the gene is called p16.

Researchers will have to bear in mind that some of the detrimental huntingtin protein may come from a shorter RNA message, which may be missed by some gene - silencing drugs.

Improving EphB2 levels in such mice by gene therapy completely fixed their memory problems.

You've probably read about concerns over «designer babies,» whose DNA is shaped by gene editing.

Nearly three - quarters of the 1,286 animal - specific gene families arose by gene duplication on the metazoan stem (Supplementary Note 9).

In order to make it easier to identify the products relevant to each cancer mutation, this data table of Horizon Discovery reference standard products has been organised by Gene and COSMIC Mutation ID.

A New Twist in Breast Cancer Working with mice, scientists have shown that a protein made by a gene called TWIST may be the proverbial red flag that can accurately distinguish cells that drive aggressive, metastatic breast cancer from other breast cancer cells.

And in addition to offering information and support, the group is helping to drive the direction of research aimed at cancers caused by this gene.

It's encoded by the gene of the same name.

Researchers have isolated the gene involved, SMN, as well as the protein produced by the gene.

CCHa2 - RKO51 - 2 and CCHa2 - RTAL - 34 are putative null alleles, which were generated by gene targeting using homologous recombination and TALEN, respectively (see below).

CCHa2 - RKO51 - 2 was generated by gene targeting using homologous recombination [22][23].

Using examples including hereditary breast cancer, Dr. Lacbawan explores the diagnostic applications of sequencing, comparing when to use next generation cancer gene panels versus gene by gene testing.

They will focus on how those genes, from different parts of chromosomes, work together to determine what type of heart cells will be made, and how these mechanisms are disrupted by gene mutations that cause congenital heart defects.

(A) The CCHa2 - RKO51 - 2 allele was generated by gene targeting using homologous recombination.

To investigate the role of cleavage in vivo, we generated by gene targeting a Pkd1 knockin mouse (Pkd1 (V / V)-RRB- that expresses noncleavable PC1.

In the converse experiment, when steady - state levels of Nrf2 were increased by gene silencing of Keap1, HPP - 4382 was also able to decrease occupancy of Bach1 at the HMOX1 E2 enhancer.

Each subtype was classified by gene expression clustering, and showed specific patterns of genetic alterations, particularly for four genes: platelet - derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), epidermal growfth factor receptor (EGFR), and neurofibromin 1 (NF1).

As revealed by gene set enrichment analysis, the MAPK pathway was inactivated in the combination treatment group compared with the untreated group.

The primary limitation of RNA - guided gene drives is that they are likely to spread to fixation in all populations connected by gene flow.

A specific codon (34) in U2AF1 harbored missense mutations in multiple AML tumors, suggesting a gain - of - function for the splicing factor encoded by that gene.

Plasmid replication is controlled by gene products encoded in the plasmid itself.

None of the offspring tested positive for the presence of the normal KL2 gene carried by the gene therapy vector.

Therefore, investigators are searching for drugs that can increase the amount of normal protein produced by this gene.

Slow - healing or non-healing bone fractures in otherwise healthy people may be caused by gene variants that are common in the population, according to Penn State College of Medicine researchers.

Promoting survival and proliferation at the single - cell level is critical for expansion of any clonal colonies containing the mutation of interest generated by the gene editing process.

Yet, their efforts to rescue cone function by gene therapy in mid-course LCA stages failed: when applied to 35 - day old Rpe65 - deficient mice, gene therapy restores rod function only (Pang et al. 2010).

When histones are bound to the DNA, the chromatin is in a condensed state (called heterochromatin) and the genes are not expressed because they can not be accessed by the gene transcription machinery.

One study, led by Gene Serabyn of JPL, the overall lead of the Keck vortex project, presents the first direct image of the brown dwarf called HIP 79124 B.

(PMID: 8847150)[ii] Marchand M, van Baren N, Weynants P, Brichard V, Dréno B, Tessier M - H, Rankin E, Parmiani G, Arienti F, Humblet Y, Bourlond A, Vanwijck R, Liénard D, Beauduin M, Dietrich P - Y, Russo V, Kerger J, Masucci G, Jäger E, De Greve J, Atzpodien J, Brasseur F, Coulie PG, van der Bruggen P, Boon T. Tumor regressions observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE - 3 and presented by HLA - A1.

Dr. Iavarone and his colleagues suspected that glioblastomas might be addicted to proteins produced by gene fusions.

Only three genes (TP53, PIK3CA, and GATA3) were mutated in 10 % or more of all tumors; grouping them by gene expression (intrinsic) subtype uncovered a number of subtype - specific events.

This was achieved after correction of the human sickle hemoglobin allele by gene - specific targeting.

Once the bacterial cell signaling protein cagA reaches the host cytosol, it is capable of altering subsequent generations of progenitor cells, leading to the development of cancer through changes in mitotic activity, apoptosis, cellular assembly, and signaling.26 Although it should be noted that while the presence of the cagA protein doubles the risk of gastric cancer, cagA - negative strands also increase the risk of distal gastric cancer.27 Additional H pylori virulence factors include babA2, which encodes bacterial adhesion with gastric epithelial cells, and vacuolating cytotoxin A, which is encoded by the gene vacA.28, 29 H pylori strains carrying some combination of the babA2, cagA, and vacA genes were associated with the highest risk of developing intestinal metaplasia.

Enhancing muscle membrane repair by gene delivery of MG53 ameliorates muscular dystrophy and heart failure in d - Sarcoglycan - deficient hamsters.

Additionally, we support and expand upon the hypothesis that X inactivation is primarily driven by gene loss on the Y. Using linear discriminant analysis, we show that X-inactivation status can successfully classify 90 % of X-linked genes into those with functional or nonfunctional Y homologs.

Let's step back and review the technologies now available to treat this neurodegenerative disease, caused by a gene producing a toxic protein.

[ii][i] Marchand M, Weynants P, Rankin E, Arienti F, Belli F, Parmiani G, Cascinelli N, Bourlond A, Vanwijck R, Humblet Y, Canon J - L, Laurent C, Naeyaert J - M, Plagne R, Deraemaeker R, Knuth A, Jäger E, Brasseur F, Herman J, Coulie PG, Boon T. Tumor regression responses in melanoma patients treated with a peptide encoded by gene MAGE - 3.

Huntington's disease is caused by a gene encoding a toxic protein (mutant huntingtin or mHTT) that causes brain cells to die.